Upgrade to Pro
— share decks privately, control downloads, hide ads and more …
Speaker Deck
Features
Speaker Deck
PRO
Sign in
Sign up for free
Search
Search
Midterm Review FINE 2600
Search
nichsara
October 16, 2012
Education
2
270
Midterm Review FINE 2600
nichsara
October 16, 2012
Tweet
Share
More Decks by nichsara
See All by nichsara
African and Australian Rock Art
nichsara
0
180
Mapping the Cosmos: Mandalas
nichsara
0
100
Mapping the Cosmos: Buddhist and Hindu Art in Southeast Asia
nichsara
0
490
Lecture | Art of the Americas
nichsara
0
92
Discussion | Modern Discrediting of Ancient Creativity
nichsara
0
220
Discussion | African "Art" and the "Primitive"
nichsara
0
320
Lecture | African Art and European Contact
nichsara
0
520
Suger vs. Clairvaux
nichsara
0
110
Romanesque and Gothic Architecture
nichsara
0
540
Other Decks in Education
See All in Education
AIの時代こそ、考える知的学習術
yum3
2
170
OJTに夢を見すぎていませんか? ロールプレイ研修の試行錯誤/tryanderror-in-roleplaying-training
takipone
1
160
小さなチャレンジが生んだチームの大きな変化 -私のふりかえり探求の原点
callas1900
0
550
Visualisation Techniques - Lecture 8 - Information Visualisation (4019538FNR)
signer
PRO
0
2.4k
Webリテラシー基礎
takenawa
0
6.7k
第1回大学院理工学系説明会|東京科学大学(Science Tokyo)
sciencetokyo
PRO
0
3.9k
Case Studies and Course Review - Lecture 12 - Information Visualisation (4019538FNR)
signer
PRO
1
2k
Human-AI Interaction - Lecture 11 - Next Generation User Interfaces (4018166FNR)
signer
PRO
0
470
OpenRobomaster 中国のロボットコンテスト 日本連携の可能性
takasumasakazu
0
450
CHARMS-HP-Banner
weltraumreisende
0
240
2025年度春学期 統計学 第4回 データを「分布」で見る (2025. 5. 1)
akiraasano
PRO
0
110
SkimaTalk Tutorial for Corporate Customers
skimatalk
0
290
Featured
See All Featured
Designing for Performance
lara
610
69k
The MySQL Ecosystem @ GitHub 2015
samlambert
251
13k
Become a Pro
speakerdeck
PRO
29
5.4k
The World Runs on Bad Software
bkeepers
PRO
69
11k
The Success of Rails: Ensuring Growth for the Next 100 Years
eileencodes
45
7.5k
StorybookのUI Testing Handbookを読んだ
zakiyama
30
5.9k
Fantastic passwords and where to find them - at NoRuKo
philnash
51
3.3k
Optimizing for Happiness
mojombo
379
70k
What’s in a name? Adding method to the madness
productmarketing
PRO
23
3.5k
The Illustrated Children's Guide to Kubernetes
chrisshort
48
50k
Save Time (by Creating Custom Rails Generators)
garrettdimon
PRO
31
1.3k
Speed Design
sergeychernyshev
32
1k
Transcript
!"#$%&'()*+'(,%-"%.( )*+'(/0&'+$( ! 1%2304(56(17"#%(589(:;<=( (!"#$%&!"'()%*'%+ +,)%-*+ +./-%/"*&0%1-)$#'+2*")34+ +./-%/"5-+0)67)8'57'*+ ! 1%2304(556(>?&04070@A((:B=(
(2-5'*+0-)4*$+)7+2"39*"+ +.("373-36)'5-+:"4*";+ ! 1%2304(5556()99+A(:C=( (0%/41+13/"+<5=3"+ +%(*<*$+ D00#($0(E40.F( ! )*+'(8+$%6(G?H&9#+A(I2$J( ;K(L6<<MN6;O(P!J( ! G?%('"#M$%&'("9(.0&$?(COQ( 0R(A0H&(S4+7(@&+#%J( ! /H77(9$H#A(@H"#%("9(04( T7+2UV0+&#(H4#%&(W1$H#A( DH"#%9JX( (
1%2304(56(;<(17"#%(589(:Y<Z$9=( ! P&39$(:"R(U40.4=6(( ! G"$7%6( ! 1$A7%[\%&"0#6(( ! >H7$H&+7( 1"@4"S2+42%6(
]0$%9(04(D&+#"4@( 5J 1Z%77"4@6((P9(704@(+9(5(2+4(&%20@4"^%(.?+$(A0H( +&%($&A"4@($0(9Z%77_(A0H(."77(@%$(RH77(Z0"4$9J( 55J >H7$H&+7(1"@4"S2+42%6(`0H(."77(V%(@&+#%#(04( $?%(+22H&+2A(0R(A0H&(R+2$(+4#($?%(9Z%2"S2"$A( 0R(A0H&(R+2$J( 555J )*+'Z7%96(T%(+9(20'Z7%$%(+9(Z099"V7%(.?%4(
'%4304"4@(+&$.0&U9(+9(%*+'Z7%9(:3$7%9(+4#( 2H7$H&%_(Z&%R%&+V7A=J(
>?&04070@A( • \7+2%(9%7%2$%#(97"#%9("4$0(2?&04070@"2+7(0&#%&J( • `0H(."77(V%(@"-%4(C(@&0HZ9(0R(B(+4#(;(@&0HZ(0R( R0H&J( • G?%9%(."77(V%(Z&0@&%99"049($?+$('+U%(9%49%_( 40$(&+4#0'("'+@%9J( •
G?%&%("9(40(&%+7(4%%#($0(7%+&4(%*+2$(#+$%9J( • G?"9(9%2304("9(;<(Z$9J($0$+7J(
]%07"$?"2( \+7%07"$?"2( CY_<<<M;C_<<<(T>)( CN<<M;O<<(T>)( ;( C(
1H'%&"+4( BB<<MCO<<(T>)( PUU+#"+4( CCOYMCC;L( T>)( ;( C( ]%0M1H'%&"+4( B( C<N<(T>)(
I7#(T+VA704"+4( ;KNCM;KO<(T>)( Y( P99A&"+4( ]%0MT+VA704"+4( OJ( a( K( LKOMK<a(T>)( \%&9"+4( a$?(>%4$H&A( O;LMYa<(T>)(
)+&7A(8A4+932( I7#(E"4@#0'( !"##7%(E"4@#0'( ]%.(E"4@#0'( CNO<MCOKO(T>)( COKOMCBCO(T>)( ;NBLM;KOa(T>)( ;YKBM;;N<(T>)( ;( C(
B( Y(
>A27+#"2( !"40+4( !A2%4+%+4( Ca<<MCY<<(T>)( ;K<<M;YO<(T>)( ;a<<M;;<<(T>)(
D%0'%$&"2( I&"%4$+7"^"4@( P&2?+"2( )+&7A(>7+99"2+7( b"@?(>7+99"2+7( c+$%(>7+99"2+7( b%77%4"932( ;( C( B(
Y( O( a( K(
)$&H92+4( ,0'+4()'Z"&%( ,0'+4(,%ZHV7"2( ;( C( B(
None
None
)99+A(DH"#%7"4%9( • P49.%&($?%(dH%9304J((1%&"0H97Ae( • T%(9H&%($0(R0770.($?%(Z&0'Z$(%*+2$7A_( +49.%&"4@(%-%&A(Z+&$J( • f?%4(+9U%#(R0&(%*+'Z7%9_(@"-%(9Z%2"S2( %*+'Z7%9(0R(+&$.0&UJ((( •
G?%('0&%(#%$+"7($?%(V%g%&J( • !0&%(#%$+"79(+4#(+4+7A9"9(."77(%+&4(+(V%g%&( @&+#%J(
/&+'"4@(8%-"2%9( >4*5$?+ ! P99H'Z304(0R(&%7"@"0H9( 9"@4"S2+42%J( ! ]H'V%&(0R(S4#9_(7+2U(0R( H4#%&9$+4#"4@[ %-"#%42%J( ! !H9%H'(#"9Z7+A9J( ! >H7$H&+7(-"%.9_(V"+9%9_( -+7H%9J(
! \&%2042%"-%#(40304J( @A5<9-*$?+ ! !+''0$?(?H$9( ! W!+9U(0R( P@+'%'404X(:12?7"%'+ 44=( ! Wh%4H9X(0R(f"77%4#0&R( ! 1$04%?%4@%( ! b+$9?%Z9H$(
\&0V7%'(i;6(/&+'"4@(8%-"2%9( 5493$H3049(
\&0V7%'(i;6(/&+'"4@(8%-"2%9( \%0Z7%( !)( `Ij(
\&0V7%'(i;6(/&+'"4@(8%-"2%9( !%#"+(
\&0V7%'(iC6(\%+U9(+4#(h+77%A9( k0?+44( k0+2?"'(( f"4U%7'+44( D"0&@"0(( h+9+&"( f0&#J( 1.%%$e( 80&AZ?0&09(
\&0V7%'(iB6(>%4$%&"4@( G?"9( TH$(]0$(G?"9(
\&0V7%'(iY6(>H7$(0R($?%(P&39$( P&39$( P&$( h"%.%&( >04$%*$(
\&0V7%'(iY6(>H7$(0R($?%(P&39$( P&39$( P&$( h"%.%&( >04$%*$( P&39$( P&$( h"%.%&( >04$%*$(
107H3049l( • T%(2&"32+7(0R(A0H&(90H&2%9J( • T%(+.+&%(0R(+&$(?"9$0&Am9(?"9$0&AJ( • P2U40.7%#@%($?%(Z&%9%42%(0R(R&+'"4@(#%-"2%9J( • 1$+&$(."$?($?%("'+@%J( (
!!"#$%&%'()*+%'%),-).#)*'/%)-#0/1#.!!)
1$+&$(."$?($?%(5'+@%( ;J T%(+V7%($0(#%92&"V%(.?+$(A0H(9%%("4(A0H&(0.4( .0	J( CJ /0&'(A0H&(0.4("4$%&Z&%$+304(0R(+4("'+@%J( BJ ,%+#(0$?%&(90H&2%9_(.%"@?"4@($?%'(+@+"49$( A0H&("4"3+7("4$%&Z&%$+304J( YJ
/0&'(+40$?%&("4$%&Z&%$+304(2049"#%&"4@( :+22%Z34@(0&(#"9'"99"4@=($?%("#%+9(A0H(?+-%( %420H4$%&%#J(
>&"32+7(nH%93049( • f?+$(+&%(R&+'"4@(#%-"2%9l(b0.(#0($?%A( "'Z+2$(0H&(H4#%&9$+4#"4@(0R(+42"%4$(+&$l( • b0.(#0%9($?%(&07%9(0R(+&39$9("4($?%(+42"%4$( .0&7#(#"o%&(R&0'($?%(&07%9(0R(+&39$("4($?%( '0#%&4(.0&7#l( • b0.("9('+$%&"+7("'Z0&$+4$($0($?%('%+4"4@(0R(
+4(0Vp%2$l( • b0.("9($?%($&"+4@7%(#"+@&+'(:+&39$("(+&$("( -"%.%&=(Z&0V7%'+32l(
G?%(WD0##%99m9(G%'Z7%X("4($?%(]+$H&?"9$0&"92?%9( !H9%H'("4(h"%44+J( G?%(Wh%4H9X(("4(?%&(W$%'Z7%X(
!+U"4@(Wh%4H9%9X( q( ;MK_(f0'+4(:Wh%4H9X=( R&0'(f"77%4#0&R_(PH9$&"+_( 2J(CY_<<<(T>)J( /+'0H9(h%4H9(8%Z"23049_(>+V+4%7(:G0Z=_(G"3+4( :T0g0'=_(\&+*"$%7%9(:7%r=J(
Film still. Fantastic Mr. Fox. 2009. Directed by Wes Anderson.
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. Wf%(?+-%("4-%4$%#(40$?"4@("4(;C_<<<(A%+&9JX(Pg&"VH$%#($0(\"2+990( WP&$(R0&(P&$m9(1+U%X(
!+p0&(G?%0&"%9(+V0H$(>+-%(\+"434@9( • WP&$(R0&(P&$m9( 1+U%X(:\"2+990=( • 1A'Z+$?%32(!+@"2( :1+70'04(,%"4+2?[PVV%( b%4&"(T&%H"7=( • 1A'V07"2(1A9$%'9(:P4#&%(
c%&0"MD0H&?+4=( • >&099M>?&04070@"2+7( >0'Z+&"904(:kJDJ(/&+^%&(s( 8+-"#(c%."9Mf"77"+'9=( • ]%H&0Z9A2?070@"2+7( !0#%7( W>+-%(IZ%4"4@(P&$X(G?%(]%.(`0&U%&( !+&2?(;O_(;NNN(
María, daughter of Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, who participated in
discovery of paintings at Altamira in November 1879.
\+V70(\"2+990_(TH776(1$+@%9(5Mh555_(;NYOJ( ( WT"904X(0&(PH&02?9_(P7$+'"&+_(1Z+"4_(;C_O<<( T>)( WPr%&(P7$+'"&+_(+77("9(#%2+#%42%JX(
1"&(P&$?H&()-+49( b%"4&"2?(12?7"%'+44(
!+7%(b+&Z(\7+A%&_(R&0'(E%&09_(>A27+#"2_(2+J( Ca<<MCB<<(T>)J( I92+&(f?"$%(!H92+&%77+_(R0&'%&( 2H&+$0&(R0&($?%(!%$_(&%2%4$7A(27+"'%#( $?"9(S@H&"4%(+(R0&@%&AJ(
>049$+434(T&+42H9"_(17%%Z"4@(!H9%(5_( ;N<NM;<J((
b%4&A(!00&%_(B*'-)7)76+C3<57_(;NO;J(
,%2049$&H2$%#(]0&$?()4$&+42%(0R($?%(\+7+2%(+$(E409909J( )-+49(#"&%2$%#($?%(&%2049$&H2304( 0R($?%(Z+7+2%(+9(+(2H7$H&+7(?%&"$+@%( 9"$%J( P7$%&4+$%(-"%.(
\@J(NO_(G?%(90M2+77%#(W!+9U(0R(P@+'%'404X(D&+-%(1?+r(h_( D&+-%(>"&27%(P_(!A2%4+%_(D&%%2%_(!A2%4+%+4_(;a<<M;OO<(T>)(
k%.%7&A(R&0'(D&+-%(>"&27%(P_(D&+-%9(5h(+4#(h_( !A2%4+%_(D&%%2%_(2J(;a$?(>%4$H&A(T>)J(
10Z?"+(12?7"%'+44(+9(Wb%7%4(0R(G&0A_X("4( k%.%7&A(R&0'(b"99+&7"U_(GH&U%A(:G&0A=_(2J( ;LK<J( 8+-"#(!+2+H7%A_(b+&&"%$(TH&$04("4($?%( G&%+9H&%9(0R($?%(!0$%7(0R($?%(!A9$%&"%9_(D3%*-+ 3E+%(*+D1$%*")*$_(;NKNJ(
\@J(;;B(P(+4#(T_(G%'Z7%(0R(P%@"4+_(PZ?+"+_(D&%%2%_(."$?(+4#( ."$?0H$(&%2049$&H2$%#(Z+"4$_(2J(O<<MYN<(T>)(
P&$(+4#(\0.%&( >4*5$?+ ! 1"^%6((T"@@%&(S@H&%9(?+-%( @&%+$%&("'Z0&$+42%J(( b"%&+32(12+7%J( b"%&+&2?"2+7(12+7%J( ! h"07%4$(0&(Wb%&0"2X( 8%%#9J( ! D00#(VA(+9902"+304J(( 1Z07"+J(
! 8"-"4"$A( @A5<9-*$?+ ! 1$%7%(0R(]+&+'(1"4( ! 8+&"H9(+4#(t%&*%9( ! \A&+'"#9(( ! P99?H&4+9"&Z+7(+4#( P99?H&V+4"V+7(u(c"04( 92%4%9_(V+g7%(92%4%_(( ! G&"H'Z?+7(P&2?%9(:G"$H9( +4#(>049$+434%=( ! 1$%7%(0R(b+''H&+V"(
CMa_(b%+#(0R(PUU+#"+4(,H7%&_(]"4%-%?(:EHAH4p"U=_(5&+d( PUU+#"+4_(CBY<MC;L<(T>)(
CM;_(1$%7%(0R(]+&+'(1"4_(1"ZZ+&_( 5&+d_(PUU+#"+4_(CCOYMCC;L(T>)(
b"%&+32(12+7%( ( 1"^%(q(5'Z0&$+42%(
>A7"4#%&(1%+7(."$?(f%+$?%&(D0#_(PUU+#"+4_( CBBYMC;OY(T>)( CM;_(1$%7%(0R(]+&+'(1"4_(1"ZZ+&_( 5&+d_(PUU+#"+4_(CCOYMCC;L(T>)(
b%+#(0R(I7#(T+VA704"+4(,H7%&( :\099"V7A(b+''H&+V"=_(I7#( T+VA704"+4_(;N<<M;K<<(T>)(( b%+#(0R(PUU+#"+4(,H7%&_( PUU+#"+4_(CBY<MC;L<(T>)(
Wf?%4(1?+'+9?(."$?(&+#"+4$(R+2%( ?+#(p0ARH77A(700U%#(HZ04('%(u('%(?"9( R+-0&"$%(9?%Z?%&#_(b+''H&+V"F$0( 2+H9%(pH932%($0(Z&%-+"7("4($?%(7+4#_($0( #%9$&0A($?%(."2U%#(+4#(%-"7($?+$($?%( 9$&04@('"@?$(40$(0ZZ&%99($?%(.%+UJX(( \@J(BL_(1$%7%(0R(b+''H&+V"_( I7#(T+VA704"+4_((;KNCM;KO<( T>)(
• W5R(+('+4(ZH$9(0H$($?%(%A%(0R(+40$?%&('+4_( ?"9(%A%(9?+77(V%(ZH$(0H$JX( • W5R(?%(U"779(+('+4m9(97+-%_(?%(9?+77(Z+A(04%M $?"&#(0R(+('"4+JX( • W5R(90'%04%(9$%+79(Z&0Z%&$A(R&0'(+( $%'Z7%_(?%(."77(V%(ZH$($0(#%+$?(+9(."77($?%( Z%&904(.?0(&%2%"-%9($?%(9$07%4(@00#9JX(
• W5R(+('+&&"%#(.0'+4(#"%9(V%R0&%(V%+&"4@( +4A(9049_(?%&(#0.&A(9?+77(V%(&%Z+"#($0(?%&( R+$?%&_(VH$("R(9?%(@+-%(V"&$?($0(9049_($?%( #0.&A(V%704@9($0($?%'JX( • 5R(+('+4(9$&"U%9(+(R&%%V0&4(.0'+4(90($?+$( 9?%(709%9(?%&(H4V0&4(2?"7#_(?%(9?+77(V+A( $%4(9?%U%79(R0&(?%&(7099J((5R($?%(.0'+4(#"%9( ?"9(#+H@?$%&(9?+77(V%(ZH$($0(#%+$?JX( • W5R(+('+4("9(@H"7$A(0R("42%9$(."$?(?"9( #+H@?$%&_(?%(9?+77(V%(%*"7%#JX(
CM;;_(,%2049$&H2304(0R($?%(>"$+#%7(+4#(\+7+2%(>0'Z7%*(0R(1+&@04($?%(55_( 8H&(1?+&&HU"4_(P99A&"+4_(KC<MK<O(T>)( 23*%)4) 5+'#.%)6##7) 89:) ;%.*<4=,-) Plan of the Anu
Ziggurat and White Temple. Uruk, Iraq. c. 3300-3000 BCE.
CM;C_(c+'+99H(/"@H&%9(R&0'(D+$%(P(0R($?%(>"$+#%7(0R(1+&@04(55_( 8H&(1?+&&HU"4(:E?0&9+V+#=_(5&+d_("4(9"$H_(KC;MK<a(T>)J(
CM;C_(c+'+99H(/"@H&%9(+$(D+$%(P(0R($?%(>"$+#%7(0R(1+&@04(55( :]0.("4($?%(c0H-&%=_(KC;MK<a(T>)(
c+'+99H(/"@H&%(+$(D+$%(P(0R($?%(>"$+#%7(0R(1+&@04(55_(KC<MK<O(T>)(
c+'+99H(/"@H&%9(+$(D+$%(P(0R($?%(>"$+#%7(0R(1+&@04(55_(KC<MK<O( T>)J(
c+'+99H(/"@H&%(+$(D+$%(P(0R($?%( >"$+#%7(0R(1+&@04(55_(KC<MK<O(T>)( 1$%7%(0R(]+&+'(1"4_(PUU+#"+4_( CCOYMCC;L(T>)(
P99A&"+4(107#"%&9(G0&$H&"4@($?%(107#"%&9(0R(c+2?"2?_( \+7+2%(0R(1%44+2?%&"V_(]"4%-%?_(2J(K<<MaNO(T>)J(
P99A&"+4(107#"%&9(G0&$H&"4@($?%(107#"%&9(0R(c+2?"2?_( \+7+2%(0R(1%44+2?%&"V_(]"4%-%?_(2J(K<<MaNO(T>)J( W5(v+A%#(+9('+4A(40V7%9(+9(?+#(&%V%77%#(+@+"49$('%( w+4#x(#&+Z%#($?%"&(9U"49(0-%&($?%(Z"7%(w0R(20&Z9%9xy( 90'%(5(9Z&%+#(0H$(."$?"4($?%(Z"7%_(90'%(5(%&%2$%#( 04(9$+U%9(HZ04($?%(Z"7%(JJJ(5(v+A%#('+4A(&"@?$( $?&0H@?('A(7+4#(w+4#x(#&+Z%#($?%"&(9U"49(0-%&($?%( .+779JX(MMP9?H&4+9"&Z+7(
c+2?"2?(107#"%&9(V%"4@( "'Z+7%#_(\+7+2%(0R( 1%44+2?%&"V_(]"4%-%?_( 2J(K<<MaNO(T>)J( W5(2+Z$H&%#(907#"%&9(+7"-%(w+4#x( %&%2$%#(w$?%'x(04(9$+U%9(V%R0&%( $?%"&(2"3%9JX(u1?+7'+4%9%&(555(
CM;<_(P99H&4+9"&Z+7(55(E"77"4@(c"049_(G?&04%(,00'(0R( $?%(\+7+2%(0R(P99?H&4+9"&Z+7(55_(E+7?H(:]"'&H#=_(5&+d_( P99A&"+4_(LKOMLa<(T>)J( P9?H&4+9"&Z+7(q((WP9?H&(@H+	($?%(?%"&X(
c"04(bH4$_(R&0'($?%($?&04%(&00'(0R(P99H&V+4"Z+7_(]"4%-%?_(aYK(T>)( P9?H&V+4"Z+7(q(WP9?H&("9(2&%+$0&(0R($?%(904X(
c"04(bH4$_(\+7+2%(0R(P99H&V+4"Z+7_(P99A&"+4_(aYK(T>)(
8A"4@(c"04_(G?&04%(,00'(0R(P9?H&V+4"Z+7_(]"4%-%?_(aYK(T>)(
8%+#(c"04_(G?&04%(,00'(0R(P9?H&V+4"Z+7_(]"4%-%?_(aYK(T>)(
8A"4@(c"04%99_(R&0'($?%(Z+7+2%(0R(P9?H&V+4"Z+7_( ]"4%-%?_(2J(aYK(T>)J(
\@J(Y;_()4%'"%9(>&099"4@($?%()HZ?&+$%9($0()92+Z%(P99A&"+4( P&2?%&9_(R&0'($?%(\+7+2%(0R(P99H&4+9"&Z+7(55_(E+7?H(:]"'&H#=_( 5&+d_(LKOMLa<(T>)J(
CM;B_(P99H&V+4"Z+7(+4#(?"9(nH%%4("4($?%(D+&#%4_( \+7+2%(0R(P99?H&V+4"Z+7_(]"4%-%?(:EHAH4p"U=_(5&+d_(aYK( T>)J( b%+#(0R(G%0'+4_(E"4@(0R(1H9+(
,%2049$&H2304(0R(\%&9%Z07"9_(2J(O;LMYa<(T>)((
\7+4(0R(\%&9%Z07"9_(2J(O;LMYa<(T>)((
PZ+#+4+(0R(8+&"H9(+4#(t%&*%9_(P2?+%'%4"#(\%&9"+4_(O;LMYa<(T>)(
c"04(+g+2U"4@(+4(P4$%70Z%_(PZ+#+4+_(\%&9%Z07"9_( PZ+#+4+_(O;LMYa<(T>)((
1$+"&9(+4#(\&02%99"04+7(/&"%^%9_(PZ+#+4+_(P2?+%'%4"#( \%&9"+4_(O;LMYa<(T>)(
1$+"&9_(PZ+#+4+_(P2?+%'%4"#(\%&9"+4_(O;LMYa<(T>)(
\&02%99"04+7(/&"%^%9_(PZ+#+4+_(P2?+%'%4"#(\%&9"+4_( O;LMYa<(T>)(
\&02%99"04+7(/&"%^%9_(PZ+#+4+_(P2?+%'%4"#( \%&9"+4_(O;LMYa<(T>)(
CM;L_(8+&"H9(+4#(t%&*%9(,%2%"-"4@(G&"VH$%_(#%$+"7(R&0'( $?%(PZ+#+4+_(\%&9%Z07"9_(5&+4_((P2?+%'%4"#(\%&9"+4_( YN;MYLa(T>)J(
None
\+ZA&H9( T7H%(c0$H9( E?+R&%(>H7$(1$+$H%(:8%$+"7=(
!Rome is known fundamentally as an urban civilization !0#%7(0R($?%(>"$A(0R(5'Z%&"+7(,0'%( >#-3,?)#@)*+%)2#AA%--)
6#73()B-*<C.A)D%.*/'E)DF))
None
None
G&"H'Z?(
G&+p+4( "3A',3.) "3A',3.) !+&2H9(PH&%7"H9( Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome.
312-315 CE. 1Z07"+(
P&$(+4#(,%7"@"04( >4*5$?+ ! T%4$(P*"9( ! b%"@?$(u(b"%&+32(12+7%( ! P22%99(u(204$&077%#(( ! 5907+304( ! 1+2&"S2%( @A5<9-*$?+ ! P4H(z"@@H&+$( ! G%'Z7%(0R(P'H4(+$(
E+&4+U( ! P&+(\+2"9(( ! f+&U+(h+9%(
1+'+&&+( 1H'%&6(BB<<MCO<<(T>)(
CMC_(P4H(z"@@H&+$(+4#(f?"$%(G%'Z7%_(j&HU_(5&+d_(\&0$07"$%&+$%( 1H'%&"+4(BB<<MB<<<(T>)(
Plan of the Anu Ziggurat and White Temple. Uruk, Iraq.
c.3300-3000 BCE T%4$MP*"9(
!H#(T&"2U9(
CMB_(>+&-%#(h%99%7(:f+&U+(h+9%=_(j&HU_(5&+d_(\&0707"$%&+$%(1H'%&"+4_( BB<<MB<<<(T>)J( f+$%&_(\7+4$9(+4#(P4"'+79J(
D0##%99(&%2%"-"4@(0o%&"4@9{Z&0V+V7A(54+44+( CMB_(>+&-%#(h%99%7(:f+&U+(h+9%=_(j&HU_(5&+d_(\&0707"$%&+$%(1H'%&"+4_( BB<<MB<<<(T>)J(
D0##%99(&%2%"-"4@(0o%&"4@9{Z&0V+V7A( 54+44+( CMB_(>+&-%#(h%99%7(:f+&U+(h+9%=_(j&HU_(5&+d_(\&0707"$%&+$%(1H'%&"+4_( BB<<MB<<<(T>)J(
CM;Y_(,%2049$&H2304(0R( ]%VH2?+#4%^^+&(55m9( T+VA704(."$?(59?$+&(D+$%_( ]%0MT+VA704"+4_(a$?(>%4$H&A( T>)(
59?$+&(D+$%_(]%0MT+VA704"+4_(T+VA704_(2J( OKO(T>)J((:1%%(CM;O=(
59?$+&(D+$%_(]%0MT+VA704"+4_(T+VA704_(2J(OKO(T>)J(( :1%%(CM;O=(
"3.G,.G)23'A%.-) #@);3HE0#.) CM;Y_(,%2049$&H2304(0R( ]%VH2?+#4%^^+&(55m9(T+VA704(."$?( 59?$+&(D+$%_(]%0MT+VA704"+4_(a$?( >%4$H&A(T>)( G?&04%(,00'(f+77_(]%0M T+VA704"+4_(T+VA704_(2J( OKO(T>)J((:1%%(CM;O=(
59?$+&(D+$%_(]%0MT+VA704"+4_( a$?(>%4$H&A(T>)( 8&+@049(R0&(!+&#HU( c"049(R0&(59?$+&( TH779(R0&(P#+#(
None
3-18, Temple of Amun, Aerial View, Karnak, Egypt, 20th century
BCE (begun).
Hypostyle Hall Pylon I Most Holy of Places Sacred Lake
Temple of Amun, Aerial View, Karnak, Egypt, 20th century BCE (begun).
bAZ09$A7%(b+77("4($?%(D&%+$( G%'Z7%(0R(P'H4(+$(E+&4+U_(]%.( E"4@#0'_(;CN<M;CCY(T>)( Clerestory: The area of windows that rises
above other parts of the roof.
5-31, Iktinos and Kallikrates. The Parthenon (seen from northwest). Acropolis,
Athens, 447-438 BCE.
80&"2( 504"2( >&099M1%2304(0R($?%(\+&$?%404(
OMB;_(\7+4(0R($?%(\+&$?%404(+4#("$9(92H7Z$H&+7( Z&0@&+'J(
5#%+7"9'(+4#(,%+7"9'( >4*5$?+ ! \0.%&J((( ! )@AZ3+46(>709%#( >0'Z09"304_(93o( Z09$H&%_(A0H$?_(( ! >+4049(0R(\&0Z0&304( ! ,0'+46(h%&"9'(( @A5<9-*$?+ ! E?+R&%(
! cA9"ZZ09_(\07AU7%"$09_( \?"#"+9(
>H7$(1$+$H%(0R(E?+R&%_(I7#(E"4@#0'_(COC<MCYaO(T>)(
b+$9?%Z9H$_(]%.(E"4@#0'( \%ZA(5_(I7#(E"4@#0'(
None
None
OMCa_(f+&&"0&_(/0H4#("4($?%(9%+(0o(,"+2%_(5$+7A_()+&7A(>7+99"2+7_(Ya<MYO<( T>)(
G?%(\&0Z0&3049(0R(\?"#"+9(
q((:Z?"=(q(;(q(Ja;L<(
\?"#"+9_(E+77"U&+$%9_(+4#( 5U3409_(/&04$+7(h"%.(0R( $?%(\+&$?%404_(G?%( D07#%4(,%2$+4@7%_( P2&0Z07"9(P$?%49_( YYKMYBC(T>)((
\?"#"+9_(E+77"U&+$%9_(+4#(5U3409_(/&04$+7(h"%.(0R($?%(\+&$?%404_( P2&0Z07"9(P$?%49_(YYKMYBC(T>)((
OMB;_(\?"#"+9_(E+77"U&+$%9_(+4#(5U3409_(/&04$+7(h"%.(0R($?%(\+&$?%404_( P2&0Z07"9(P$?%49_(YYKMYBC(T>)((
B) IJBK) OMB;_(/700&(\7+4(0R(\+&$?%404_(54$%&"0&(0R($?%(\+&$?%404("9(+(D07#%4( ,%2$+4@7%J(
8"+@&+'(0R(\+&$?%404(."$?(%*+@@%&+$%#(2H&-%9(
\?"#"+4(\&0Z0&3049(+4#($?%(bH'+4(/0&'(
P$?%4+_(Pg&"VH$%#($0(\?"#"+9_(b"@?(>7+99"2+7_(2J( O$?(2%4$H&A(>)(
P$?%4+_(Pg&"VH$%#($0(\?"#"+9_( b"@?(>7+99"2+7_(2J(O$?(2%4$H&A( >)(
OMB<_(>H7$(1$+$H%(0R(P$?%4+( :,%2049$&H2304=_(\+&$?%404_( P2&0Z07"9_(P$?%49_(2J(YY<(T>)(
+( V( OMB<_(>H7$(1$+$H%(0R(P$?%4+( :,%2049$&H2304=_(\+&$?%404_(P2&0Z07"9_( P$?%49_(2J(YY<(T>)( 1$+$H%g%(0R($?%(P$?%4+(]"U0Z?0&09_(Z099"V7%(,0'+4( 20ZA(0R($?%(\+&$?%404(2H7$(9$+$H%_(;9$(2%4$H&A(>)J(
G?%(.5737(0R(\07AU7%"$09( \@J(;BY_(\07AU7%"$09_(80&AZ?0&09(:1Z%+&(T%+&%&=_(,0'+4(>0ZA( R&0'(D&%%U(I&"@"4+7_(b"@?(>7+99"2+7(2J(O$?(>%4$H&A(>)(
WVH$(V%+H$A_(?%($?"4U9_(#0%9(40$(&%9"#%("4($?%(Z&0Z%&( Z&0Z0&304(0R($?%(%7%'%4$9(VH$("4($?%(Z&0Z%&(Z&0Z0&304( 0R($?%(Z+&$9_(9H2?(+9(R0&(%*+'Z7%($?+$(0R(S4@%&($0(S4@%&( +4#(+77($?%9%($0($?%(Z+7'(+4#(V+9%(0R(?+4#_(0R($?09%($0( $?%(R0&%+&'_(0R($?%(R0&%+&'($0($?%(HZZ%&(+&'(+4#(0R( %-%&A$?"4@($0(%-%&A$?"4@(%79%_(pH9$(+9(#%92&"V%#("4($?%( >+404(0R(\07AU7%"$09J(/0&(?+-"4@($+H@?$(H9("4($?+$(.0&U( +77($?%(Z&0Z0&3049(0R($?%(V0#A_(\07AU7%"$09(9HZZ0&$%#( ?"9($&%+39%(."$?(+(.0&U(0R(+&$_('+U"4@(+(9$+$H%( +220&#"4@($0($?%($%4%$9(0R($?%($&%+39%(+4#(2+77"4@("$_(7"U%(
$?%($&%+39%("$9%7R_($?%(>+404J(10($?%4_(+77(Z?"7090Z?%&9( +4#(#02$0&9(+22%Z$($?+$(V%+H$A(&%9"#%9("4($?%(#H%( Z&0Z0&304(0R($?%(Z+&$9(0R($?%(V0#AJX(
None
None
None
>04$&+ZZ09$0( \A$?+@0&%+4(G+V7%(0R(IZZ09"$%9( ( (/"4"$% (( ( (54S4"$%( (I## ( ((
()-%4( (I4% ( ( (!+4A( (,"@?$ (( ( (c%r( (,%9$ ( ( (!0304( (1$&+"@?$ ( (>&00U%#( (c"@?$ ( ( (8+&U4%99( (D00# ( ( ()-"7( (1dH+&%( ( (IV704@(
G?%(>+404(0R(cA9"ZZ09( OMYa_(cA9"ZZ09_(PZ0*A0'%409(:G?%(12&+Z%&=_(,0'+4(>0ZA(0R(+(D&%%U( I&"@"4+7_(c+$%(>7+99"2+7_(Y$?(2%4$H&A(>)(
\07AU7%"$09_(80&AZ?0&09_(O$?(2J( cA9"ZZ09_(PZ0*A0'%409_(Y$?(2J(
\@J(;BY_(\07AU7%"$09_(80&AZ?0&09_(O$?(2J(T>)( OMYa_(cA9"ZZ09_(PZ0*A0'%409_(Y$?(2J(T>)J(
aM;C_(\0&$&+"$(0R(\+$&"2"+4(:WT&H$H9X=_(\&0V+V7A(0R()$&H92+4( P&39$&A_(,0'+4(,%ZHV7"2+4_(2J(B<<(T>)J(
aM;Y_(\0&$&+"$(0R(PH7H9(!%$%77H9(:W$?%( I&+$0&X=_(4%+&(c+U%(G&+9"'%40_(,0'+4( ,%ZHV7"2+4_(2J(L<(T>)J(
\@J(;K<_(\+$&"2"+4(>+&&A"4@(G.0( \0&$&+"$(b%+#9_()+&7A()'Z"&%_(2J(7+$%(;9$( 2%4$H&A(T>)(0&(%+&7A(;9$(2%4$H&A(>)J( !A2%4+%+4(/H4%&+&A(!+9U_(2J(;BO<(T>)J( W/0&(.?%4%-%&(04%(0R($?%(7%+#"4@('%4(+'04@9$(w$?%( ,0'+49x(#"%9FJ$?%A(Z7+2%(+(7"U%4%99(0R($?%(#%+#( '+4("4($?%('09$(ZHV7"2(Z+&$(0R($?%(?0H9%_(U%%Z"4@("$( "4(+(9'+77(.00#%4(9?&"4%J((G?%(7"U%4%99("9(+('+9U( %9Z%2"+77A('+#%(R0&(+(2709%(&%9%'V7+42%FP4#( .?%4%-%&(+(7%+#"4@('%'V%&(0R($?%(R+'"7A(#"%9_($?%A(
"4$&0#H2%(w$?%(.+*('+9U9x_("4$0($?%(RH4%&+7( Z&02%99"04_(ZH|4@($?%'(04('%4(.?0(9%%'('09$( 7"U%($?%'("4(?%"@?$(+4#(+9(&%@+	($?%(&%9$(0R($?%"&( @%4%&+7(+ZZ%+&+42%FJ5$("9(40$(%+9A(R0&(+4(+'V"30H9( +4#(?"@?M'"4#%#(A0H4@('+4($0(9%%(+(S4%&(9Z%2$+27%( $?+4($?"9J((/0&($?09%(.?0(.0H7#(40$(V%(.04(0-%&(+$( $?%(9"@?$(0R(+77($?%('+9U9($0@%$?%&(0R($?09%('%4(.?0( ?+#(V%%4(%*$077%#(R0&(-"&$H%(+9("R($?%A(.%&%(+7"-%(+4#( V&%+$?"4@JX(u\07AV"H9(:b"9$0&A(0R(,0'%=((
Portrait Head of an Elder. Roman Republican, c.80 BCE. h%&"9'(
aM;L_(PH@H9$H9(\&"'+Z0&$+_(,0'+4( 5'Z%&"+7(;9$(2%4$H&A(>)J( \07AU7%"$09_(80&AZ?0&09_(,0'+4(>0ZA_(O$?( >%4$H&A(>)(
6-13, Portrait Head of an Elder. Roman Republican, c.80 BCE.
6-18, Augustus Primaporta, Roman Imperial 1st century CE.
6-18, Augustus Primaporta, Roman Imperial 1st century CE. TH9$(0R(I2$+-"+4_(,0'+4(,%ZHV7"2+4_(2J( BN(T>)(
P@%6(CY( P@%6(KK(
,07%9(0R($?%(P&39$( >4*5$?+ @A5<9-*$?+
\&0V7%'(iY6(>H7$(0R($?%(P&39$( P&39$( P&$( h"%.%&( >04$%*$(
\&0V7%'(iY6(>H7$(0R($?%(P&39$( P&39$( P&$( h"%.%&( >04$%*$( P&39$( P&$( h"%.%&( >04$%*$(