Mapping the Poles

Brad Herried, Lead Cartographer & GIS Developer
The Polar Geospatial Center (PGC)
@herried
@polargeospatial
#nacis2015

Transcript

1. Mapping the Poles. Brad Herried, Lead Cartographer & GIS Developer @herried @polargeospatial NACIS 2015 Geographic Data Collections Day October 14, 2015 The Polar Geospatial Center (PGC).
2. About me. B.A. Cartography & GIS, University of Wisconsin (2008) Masters of GIS, University of Minnesota (2010) Graduate Assistant, Polar Geospatial Center (2008-2010) Research Fellow, Polar Geospatial Center (2010-present) Roles & Responsibilities •  Cartography & Logistics Mapping •  User Support & Special Projects •  Web Services Administration •  GIS Application Developer
3. About the Polar Geospatial Center. Founded in 2007 as the Antarctic Geospatial Information Center (AGIC) Funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) cooperative agreement Sub-awards from NASA, U.S. FWS, others In 2010 added support for Arctic, evolved into the Polar Geospatial Center Currently 10 staff, several graduate & undergraduate students Home institution is the University of Minnesota on the St. Paul Campus Mission of PGC •  Provide GIS, mapping, and remote sensing support to NSF-funded polar researchers and logistics contractors •  In short, solve geospatial problems at the poles
4. Our Users. Span gamut of GIS expertise. •  Principal Investigators & research groups •  Field site planning (reconnaissance mapping) •  Real-time awareness •  Advanced remote sensing •  Logistics Contractors •  Fixed-wing aircraft, helicopter, and vessel operations •  Safety, safety, safety! •  Masses •  Reference maps & base layers •  Web mapping services & applications
5. Unique Geographies = Unique Problems HOW TO MAP THE POLES?
8. Palmer Station, Antarctica. Images from USAP, BAS
9. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica. Images from USAP Photo Library
10. McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Image from Antarctic Sun (USAP)
11. Logistics. Image from USAP Photo Library
12. Logistics. USAP Fixed-Wing Landing Site Map
13. Logistics. Image from USAP Photo Library
14. Logistics. Image from PGC; imagery © 2015 DigitalGlobe, Inc.
15. Logistics. Image from USAP Photo Library
16. Logistics. South Pole Traverse (SPoT) Daily Update Maps
17. The Hard Problems. The polar regions are, put simply, different. •  Lack of historic maps •  Lack of (quality) fundamental GIS data & imagery •  Map projections (ugh.) •  No centralized mapping agencies •  Massive geographic footprint •  Remote, isolated, dangerous
18. But, somewhere around 2009... “What would you do if you had access to an unlimited archive of commercial satellite imagery?”
19. Commercial Satellite Imagery. Value of high-resolution commercial imagery. •  Spatial Resolution •  Temporal Resolution Challenges with high-resolution commercial imagery. •  Image size and volume •  File formats (especially from U.S. Government sources) •  Clouds, fog, and darkness •  Bit depth and radiometric correction •  Projection and terrain correction •  Cost ($$$)
20. WorldView-2 GeoEye QuickBird IKONOS WorldView-3 WorldView-1 DigitalGlobe Satellite Constellation.
21. DigitalGlobe Satellite Constellation. Figure from DigitalGlobe, Inc.; images from Apollo Mapping
22. imagery © DigitalGlobe, Inc. Sisimiut, Greenland.
23. imagery © DigitalGlobe, Inc. Some ice stream, Antarctica.
24. Image courtesy Dan Costa, UC Santa Cruz Emperor Penguin Colony, Antarctica.
25. Imagery © DigitalGlobe, Inc. Edward VII Peninsula Penguin Colony, Antarctica.
26. imagery © 2009 DigitalGlobe, Inc. Bull Pass Camp, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.
27. imagery © 2009 DigitalGlobe, Inc. Bull Pass Camp, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.
28. PGC, NSF, and NGA. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) licenses DigitalGlobe, Inc. imagery for U.S. government purposes. •  PGC is the largest civilian user of commercial satellite imagery •  Unique but mutually-beneficial relationship with NGA •  Access point for U.S. federally-funded researchers •  October 2015: 5,500,000+ unique scenes 2.4+ petabytes (1.7 petabytes online) ~30 new terabytes/week •  PGC fundamentally changed its focus
29. Unique Data = Unique Problems* WHAT TO DO WITH PETABYTES OF COMMERCIAL SATELLITE IMAGERY? *opportunities, right?
30. WorldView-2: A Geochemical Tool •  Pyroxene, a mineral common in volcanic rocks, exhibits diagnostic spectral signatures at infrared wavelengths. •  These diagnostic signatures can be measured and mapped using orbiting spectrometers, such as WorldView-2. •  The WorldView-2 near-infrared bands can measure the strength and slope of the limb of the 1 µm pyroxene crystal field absorption. •  Variations in the strength of this feature are linked to variations in pyroxene abundance. M. R. Salvatore & J. W. Head, Brown University Crystal field absorptions, due to Fe2+ in the M2 crystallographic site in pyroxenes.
31. WorldView-2: A Geochemical Tool •  With a spatial resolution of 1.8 m pix-1, WorldView-2 is able to map localized changes in the strength and abundance of pyroxene. •  In Victoria Valley, the Basement Sill of the Ferrar Dolerite is exposed, showing variations in the distribution and abundance of pyroxene. OPX-Poor OPX-Rich The distribution of these signatures provides information regarding the magmatic evolution of the Ferrar Dolerite.
32. Remote Compositional Analysis of the Transantarctic Mountains Mark Salvatore1, Spencer Niebuhr2, Paul Morin2 1Arizona State University, 2Polar Geospatial Center, University of Minnesota NSF Award No. 1414378, EAGER: Surface Variability and Spectral Analyses of the Central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica
33. Relative Spectral Variability (RSV) •  RSV parameters are designed to highlight compositional diversity using limited data. •  Combined into the same red, green, blue color combination: –  Red: A measure of the strength of the 1000 nm absorption feature, which is due to octahedrally coordinated Fe2+ in mafic minerals (e.g., pyroxene, olivine) –  Green: A measure of the inflection near 546 nm, due to an Fe3+ charge-transfer absorption and commonly dominates stained sedimentary lithologies –  Blue: An inverse measure of the inflection near 478 nm, which is common in coarse-grained igneous and metamorphic lithologies •  Same RGB color combination allows for easy comparisons
34. Thanksgiving Point, VIS
35. Thanksgiving Point, RSV Mafic units (dolerites?) Less oxidized Intruded Unit (granitic?)
36. Mapping Photosynthetic Materials in Taylor Valley •  Biological “hot spots” can be identified by mapping the photosynthetic “red edge” across a landscape. •  Only possible using multi- spectral data with high spatial resolution. •  Repeat measurements can be used to track the migration and evolution of these ecosystems as the local hydrologic cycle changes. 500 m 500 m
37. Orthomosaics. Antarctic 50cm Panchromatic Imagery Mosaic
38. Orthomosaics. Arctic 50cm Panchromatic Imagery Mosaic (cutlines overlain)
39. Orthomosaics. Arctic 50cm Panchromatic Imagery Mosaic (Alaska)
40. Putting it all together. Leverage open-source and commercial software and tools. •  Storage: cheap, fast, replaceable •  Compute: desktop, cluster, HPC •  Cataloging: index footprints, metadata, renaming •  Processing: orthorectification, projecting, file conversions •  Productization: mosaics, DEMs, maps •  Distribution: FTP, web services •  Automate, automate, automate
41. The Next Big Thing. WHY DON’T WE JUST COLLECT ALL THE IMAGERY IN STEREO?
42. Stereophotogrammetric Digital Elevation Models. Photogrammetric techniques applied to commercial imagery •  Software: ASP, SETSM •  Very computationally intensive •  Elevation models ±4m without ground control •  Quality compares to LiDAR, without the cost of LiDAR •  PGC leading partnership for the ArcticDEM project Image from DigitalGlobe, Inc.
43. North Slope, Alaska. 2 meter DEM.
44. Iceland. 2 meter DEM.
46. Global Stereo Imagery Coverage.
47. Summary. PGC’s “Geographic Data Collection.” What? How much of it? Where? For Who? Why is this important? High-resolution, commercial satellite imagery; derived products such as elevation models, mosaics, or map products Petabytes… and growing Complete coverage of Antarctica and the Arctica; global archive increasing; perpetual acquisitions United States federally-funded (polar) researchers Established a connection to advance science through a U.S. government resource; innovation and automation for a relatively small cost
48. Brad Herried herri147@umn.edu Polar Geospatial Center, University of Minnesota @herried @polargeospatial Thank you! Questions?