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Embracing the Network – ColdFront, September 2015

Embracing the Network – ColdFront, September 2015

The network is intrinsically unreliable. More so, the network is out of your control as a developer. Therefore, we must design systems which embrace the unpredictability of the network and defend against it all costs. How can you prioritise the delivery of your core content? What best-practices can you use to optimise your assets? How can we design interfaces which adapt and respond to changing network conditions? And finally, how are new APIs such as ServiceWorker changing the way we think about the network?

During this talk Patrick will share his experiences delivering high-performance websites to millions of users over the past 3 years at The Guardian and Financial Times. Which – most importantly – are resilient to the network.

Patrick Hamann

September 03, 2015
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  1. Embracing the network Patrick Hamann — ColdFront Conference, September 2015


    @patrickhamann Modern techniques for building resilient front ends !
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies_of_distributed_computing 1. The network is reliable. 2. Latency is zero.

    3. Bandwidth is infinite. 4. The network is secure. 5. Topology doesn't change. 6. There is one administrator. 7. Transport cost is zero. 8. The network is homogeneous. 
 The fallacies of distributed computing 
 PETER DEUTSCH — SUN MICROSYSTEMS, 1994 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies_of_distributed_computing
  3. Multiple points of failure Dmytrii Shchadei — http://www.slideshare.net/metrofun/reduce-mobile-latency " #

    # # $ Internal latency Firewalls, Load Balancers, Servers % Internet routing latency CDNs, ISPs, Caches, Proxies Control plane latency ~600ms on average UK 3G connection ~200ms
  4. The radio state machine http://developer.android.com/training/efficient-downloads/efficient-network-access.html Radio standby Radio low power

    Radio full power 2s latency 1.5s latency Radio idle for 5 seconds Radio idle for 12 seconds
  5. Failure is inevitable • 1,000,000 page views a day •

    3 years product life-time • (1000000*360)*3 = 1,080,000,000 • 1 billion opportunities for something to go wrong.
  6. Baking in the assumption that everything can and will fail

    leads you to think differently about how you solve problems. 
 SAM NEWMAN — BUILDING MICROSERVICES, O’REILLY 2015 http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920033158.do
  7. A single point of failure (SPOF) is a part of

    a system that, if it fails, will stop the entire system from working. SPOFs are undesirable in any system with a goal of high availability or reliability, be it a business practice, software application, or other industrial system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_point_of_failure
  8. Front end SPOFs http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2010/06/01/frontend-spof/ Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari External

    script Blank below Blank below Blank below Blank below Blank below Stylesheet Flash Flash Blank below Flash Blank below inlined 
 @font-face Delayed Flash Flash Flash Delayed Stylesheet @font-face Delayed Flash Totally blank Flash Delayed Script then
 @font-face Delayed Flash Totally blank Flash Delayed
  9. Resource timing API http://www.w3.org/TR/resource-timing/ var resourceList = window.performance.getEntriesByType(‘resource'); for (i

    = 0; i < resourceList.length; i++) { if (resourceList[i].initiatorType == 'link' || 'script') { navigator.sendBeacon('https://stats.ft.com/', { resource: resourceList[i].name, timing: (resourceList[i].responseEnd - resourceList[i].startTime) }); } }
  10. • Test 1st and 3rd party dependencies for SPOFs •

    Use network shaping to simulate mobile conditions • Monitor all response times, timeouts and errors • Alert if metrics pass their thresholds • Consider creating chaos in production
  11. There seems to be an excessive amount of waiting around

    for pages to refresh and load -it doesn't seem as quick as the previous version. Luke Wroblewski – http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1797
  12. Time and perception Delay User perception 0 - 100ms Instant

    100 - 300ms Small perceptible delay 300 - 1000ms Machine is working 1000+ ms Likely mental context switch 10,000+ ms Task is abandoned
  13. • Respond within a 1000ms • Avoid loading spinners •

    Consider using skeleton screens • Re-use familiar UI patterns within error messaging • Use human friendly copy, especially in error states • Visualise the state of the network
  14. Pre-connect <link href='https://media.ft.com/' rel=‘preconnect’> <link href='https://api.livefyre.com/' rel='preconnect' crossorigin> function preconnectTo(url)

    { var hint = document.createElement("link"); hint.rel = "preconnect"; hint.href = url; document.head.appendChild(hint); } Ilya Grigorik — Eliminating roundtrips wth pre-connect: https://www.igvita.com/2015/08/17/eliminating-roundtrips-with-preconnect/
  15. Alternative protocols Method Communication Support AJAX request → response All

    major browsers Long poll request → wait → response All major browsers WebSockets client ↔ server Very good WebRTC peer ↔ peer Medium Server-sent events client ← server Good, except IE
  16. Loading fonts https://tabatkins.github.io/specs/css-font-rendering/ Chrome Opera Safari Firefox IE Timeout 3s

    3s no timeout 3s 0 Fallback Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Swap Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes
  17. Cache only self.addEventListener('install', function(event) { event.waitUntil( caches.open(cacheName).then(function(cache) { return cache.addAll([

    'http://fonts.ft.com/serif', 'http://fonts.ft.com/sans-serif' ]); }) ); }); https://jakearchibald.com/2014/offline-cookbook
  18. Cache only https://jakearchibald.com/2014/offline-cookbook self.addEventListener('fetch', function(event) { // If this is

    a request for font file if (/fonts\.ft\.com/.test(event.request)) { // If a match isn't found in the cache, the response // will look like a connection error event.respondWith(caches.match(event.request)); } });
  19. Loading CSS https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/critical-rendering-path/analyzing-crp?hl=en Request page Network Render GET html Build

    DOM response Build CSSOM Render page GET css GET js response response idle idle Render blocking Run JS Render blocking
  20. Loading CSS Request page Network Render GET html Build DOM

    response Build CSSOM Render page GET css GET js response response idle idle Async Render blocking Run JS https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/critical-rendering-path/analyzing-crp?hl=en
  21. Loading CSS Request page Network Render GET html Build DOM

    response Build CSSOM Render page GET css response idle idle Async https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/critical-rendering-path/analyzing-crp?hl=en Reflow
  22. Stale-while-revalidate self.addEventListener('fetch', function(event) { // Get stale from cache event.respondWith(

    caches.open(cacheName).then(function(cache) { return cache.match(event.request).then(function(response) { // If in cache relvalidate var network = fetch(event.request).then(function(response){ if(response.status < 400) { cache.put(event.request, response.clone()); } }); // Return stale or network if none return response || network; }); }) ); }); https://jakearchibald.com/2014/offline-cookbook
  23. Stale-if-error self.addEventListener('fetch', function(event) { // Always fetch response from the

    network event.respondWith( fetch(event.request).then(function(response) { return caches.open(cacheName).then(function(cache) { // If we received an error response if(!response.ok) { return cache.match(event.request) } else { // Response was healthy so update cached version cache.put(event.request, response.clone()); return response; } }); }) ); });
  24. Timeout race function timeout(delay) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {

    setTimeout(function() { resolve(new Response('', { status: 408, statusText: 'Request timed out.' })); }, delay); }); } self.addEventListener('fetch', function(event) { // Attempt to fetch with timeout event.respondWith(Promise.race([timeout(2000), fetch(event.request)])); });
  25. Circuit breakers ' & ( % ( X ( (

    X X X X Circuit closed (
  26. Circuit breakers ' & ( % ( X ( (

    X X Circuit open, fail fast (
  27. importScripts('js/circuit-breaker.js'); CircuitBreaker.prototype.fetch = function(request) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {

    this.run(function(success, fail) { fetch(request).then(function(response) { if(response.ok) { success(); } else { fail(); } resolve(response); }) .catch(function(err) { fail(); reject(Response.error()); }); }, function() { resolve(Response.error()); }); }.bind(this)); };
  28. Fetch via circuit breaker var circuitBreakers = {}; var options

    = { windowDuraion: 1000, timeoutDuration: 3000, errorThreshold: 50, volumeThrehold: 2 }; self.addEventListener('fetch', function(event) { var url = event.request.url; if(!circuitBreakers[url]) { circuitBreakers[url] = new CircuitBreaker(options); } event.respondWith(circuitBreakers[url].fetch(event.request)); });
  29. Dead letter queue var queue = {}; function queueFailedRequest(request) {

    queue[Date.now()] = request; } self.addEventListener('fetch', function(event) { if(/track\.ft\.com/.test(event.request.url) { event.respondWith( fetch(event.request).then(function(response){ if(response.status >= 500) { return Response.error(); } else { return response; } }).catch(function() { queueFailedRequest(event.request); }) ); } });
  30. Dead letter queue function replayQueuedRequests() { Object.keys(queue).forEach(function(event) { fetch(queue[event]).then(function(){ if(response.status

    >= 500) { return Response.error(); } delete queue[error]; }).catch(function() { var timeDelta = Date.now() - event; if (timeDelta > expiration) { delete queue[error]; } }); }); }
  31. • Pre-connect sockets • Pre-fetch and cache critical resources •

    Bundle resources by their frequency of change • Choose appropriate protocols • Queue and batch requests • Use timeouts, bulkheads and circuit breakers • Treat the network as an enhancement!
  32. Background sync navigator.serviceWorker.ready.then(function(registration) { regitration.periodicSync.register({ tag: 'get-latet-news', // default: ''

    minPeriod: 12 * 60 * 60 * 1000, // default: 0 powertState: 'avoid-draining', // default: 'auto' networkState: 'avoid-cellular' // default: 'online' }).then(function(periodicsyncReg) { // success }, function() { // failure }); });
  33. Progressive apps: • Responsive design • Secure (via TLS) •

    Network agnostic (via ServiceWorker) • Homescreen access • Push notifications • Background Sync
  34. • Bake in the assumption that everything can and will

    fail • Guard against SPOFs at all costs • Always provide visual user feedback • Optimise for efficient networking • Treat the network as an enhancement • Embrace the future