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Long distance iron transport and metabolism changes in iron deficient plants

Long distance iron transport and metabolism changes in iron deficient plants

My thesis presentation

Rubén Rellán Álvarez

April 05, 2015
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  1. Long distance iron transport and metabolism changes in iron deficient

    plants Rubén Rellán Álvarez PhD Thesis Javier Abadía and Ana Álvarez PhD Advisors
  2. Introduction Outline Conclusions Objective 1: Develop Analytical Methodologies to Study

    Fe- Long Distance Transport Objective 2: Study the Metabolite Profile of Fe-deficient Plants Summary
  3. Chlorophyll synthesis Photosynthetic electron transport Respiration DNA and hormone synthesis

    Fe is essential for plants Plant Fe deficiency Introduction
  4. Chlorophyll synthesis Photosynthetic electron transport Respiration DNA and hormone synthesis

    Fe is essential for plants Fe deficiency Low Fe soil bioavailability Fe chlorosis paradox Agriculture limiting factor 30% of humans are Fe-deficient Plant Fe deficiency Introduction
  5. Chlorophyll synthesis Photosynthetic electron transport Respiration DNA and hormone synthesis

    Fe is essential for plants Fe deficiency Fe can be toxic Low Fe soil bioavailability Fe chlorosis paradox Agriculture limiting factor 30% of humans are Fe-deficient Participates in redox reactions ROS production Is usually complexed Plant Fe deficiency Introduction
  6. Chlorophyll synthesis Photosynthetic electron transport Respiration DNA and hormone synthesis

    Fe is essential for plants Fe deficiency Fe can be toxic Low Fe soil bioavailability Fe chlorosis paradox Agriculture limiting factor 30% of humans are Fe-deficient Participates in redox reactions ROS production Is usually complexed Plant Fe deficiency pH Sensitive Introduction
  7. Chlorophyll synthesis Photosynthetic electron transport Respiration DNA and hormone synthesis

    Fe is essential for plants Fe deficiency Fe can be toxic Low Fe soil bioavailability Fe chlorosis paradox Agriculture limiting factor 30% of humans are Fe-deficient Participates in redox reactions ROS production Is usually complexed Plant Fe deficiency Homeostasis pH Sensitive Introduction
  8. xylem root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport

    Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction
  9. xylem root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport

    Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Strategy I Reduction Strategy II Chelation
  10. xylem root Fe(III)-X FRO Fe(II) IRT Fe(II) leaf Phe, OA,

    PDR H+ AHA Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Flavins
  11. xylem root Fe(III)-X FRO Fe(II) IRT Fe(II) Fe(III)-PS YSL Fe(III)-PS

    leaf Phe, OA, PDR H+ AHA PS TOM Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Flavins
  12. xylem root Fe(III)-X FRO Fe(II) IRT Fe(II) Fe(III)-PS YSL Fe(III)-PS

    leaf Phe, OA, PDR H+ AHA Fe-NA ? PS TOM Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Fe-NA Introduction Flavins
  13. xylem root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport

    Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction
  14. xylem root leaf Transpor Plant Fe uptake and long distance

    transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Xylem Unloading Xylem Loading
  15. xylem root Cit FRD Cit IREG Fe Fe leaf Fe-NA

    YSL Transpor Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Xylem Unloading
  16. Fe-Cit ? xylem root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long

    distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Xylem Unloading
  17. Fe-Cit ? xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll

    cell xylem root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez Introduction
  18. Fe-Cit ? xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll

    cell xylem root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez Bottleneck Introduction
  19. Fe-Cit ? xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll

    cell xylem root Fe(III)-X FRO YSL ZIP leaf hν Fe(II) Fe(II) IRT Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez Bottleneck Introduction
  20. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez Introduction
  21. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction
  22. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  23. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  24. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  25. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  26. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  27. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  28. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  29. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  30. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  31. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  32. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  33. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  34. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  35. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  36. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  37. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  38. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  39. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  40. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  41. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  42. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  43. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  44. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  45. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  46. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  47. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  48. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  49. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  50. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  51. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  52. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  53. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez 80% of root acquired Fe is in the chloroplasts Introduction What are the Fe forms involved in Fe long distance transport?
  54. xylem root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport

    Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction
  55. xylem root Fe(III)-X FRO Fe(II) IRT Fe(II) leaf Phe, OA,

    PDR H+ AHA Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Flavins
  56. xylem root Fe(III)-X FRO Fe(II) IRT Fe(II) Fe(III)-PS YSL Fe(III)-PS

    leaf Phe, OA, PDR H+ AHA PS TOM Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Flavins
  57. xylem root Fe(III)-X FRO Fe(II) IRT Fe(II) Fe(III)-PS YSL Fe(III)-PS

    leaf Phe, OA, PDR H+ AHA Fe-NA ? PS TOM Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Fe-NA Introduction Flavins
  58. Fe-Cit ? xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll

    cell xylem root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction
  59. Fe-Cit ? xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll

    cell xylem root Fe(III)-X FRO YSL ZIP leaf hν Fe(II) Fe(II) IRT Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction
  60. xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll cell xylem

    root leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction
  61. Photosynthetic Rates C Fixation Chlorophyll Metabolic Changes induced by Fe

    deficiency Leaves Fe deficient plants are C deficient Introduction
  62. Photosynthetic Rates C Fixation Chlorophyll Metabolic Changes induced by Fe

    deficiency Leaves Fe deficient plants are C deficient Introduction Free AAs
  63. Photosynthetic Rates C Fixation Chlorophyll Metabolic Changes induced by Fe

    deficiency Leaves Fe deficient plants are C deficient Introduction Free AAs
  64. Metabolic Changes induced by Fe deficiency Glycolysis PEPC López-Millán et

    al. 2000 Plant Phys 124: 885 López-Millán et al. 2009 J Plant Phys 166: 375 Roots Introduction TCA cycle
  65. Metabolic Changes induced by Fe deficiency Glycolysis PEPC López-Millán et

    al. 2000 Plant Phys 124: 885 López-Millán et al. 2009 J Plant Phys 166: 375 Roots Anaplerotic C root fixation: Carboxylates Introduction TCA cycle
  66. Carboxylates López-Millán et al. 2000 Plant Phys 124: 885 Metabolic

    Changes induced by Fe deficiency Xylem Introduction
  67. Carboxylates López-Millán et al. 2000 Plant Phys 124: 885 Metabolic

    Changes induced by Fe deficiency Xylem C transport Fe transport Citrate Introduction
  68. Metabolic Changes induced by Fe deficiency Introduction What is the

    metabolite profile of Fe deficient plants?
  69. Analytical Strategies Long Distance Plant Iron Transport Integrated mass spectrometry

    Fe Deficiency Plant Metabolite Changes Metabolomics Introduction
  70. the majority of species of interest in bioinorganic trace analysis

    have not yet been isolated in sufficient purity to be used as retention or migration time standards. Therefore, it is becoming of paramount importance to employ in parallel a molecule (or moiety)-specific detector to establish the identity of the eluted smaller species, especially ions with a ratio, secondary adsorption and ion-exch separations. These phenomena, initially sance in SE HPLC, are becoming m employed for the separation of organose noarsenic compounds.100–103 SE HPLC has the advantage over othe the high tolerance to biological matr (0.7–1.0 ml min21) and compositions of t are readily tolerated by flame atomic abso emission and mass spectrometers. Anoth of SE HPLC is the possibility of avoiding mobile phase,98,104 and hence the possib matrix in heartcut and lyophilized fractio multifold dilution of the sample during c is the higher the larger are the column d Packing. Separation by SE HPLC sho the analyte’s charge but, in practice, the s displays charged properties so that a mix observed. This makes the choice of pac major categories of packing used hav organic polymers. The former were repo for metal losses when nanogram amounts Fig. 1 Hyphenated techniques available for species-selective analysis of biological materials. 966 Analyst, 2000, 125, 963–988 Meija et al. 2006 TrAC 25: 44 Szpunar 2000 Analyst 125: 963 Szpunar 2005 Analyst 130: 442 HPLC ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS Integrated mass spectrometry Introduction
  71. the majority of species of interest in bioinorganic trace analysis

    have not yet been isolated in sufficient purity to be used as retention or migration time standards. Therefore, it is becoming of paramount importance to employ in parallel a molecule (or moiety)-specific detector to establish the identity of the eluted smaller species, especially ions with a ratio, secondary adsorption and ion-exch separations. These phenomena, initially sance in SE HPLC, are becoming m employed for the separation of organose noarsenic compounds.100–103 SE HPLC has the advantage over othe the high tolerance to biological matr (0.7–1.0 ml min21) and compositions of t are readily tolerated by flame atomic abso emission and mass spectrometers. Anoth of SE HPLC is the possibility of avoiding mobile phase,98,104 and hence the possib matrix in heartcut and lyophilized fractio multifold dilution of the sample during c is the higher the larger are the column d Packing. Separation by SE HPLC sho the analyte’s charge but, in practice, the s displays charged properties so that a mix observed. This makes the choice of pac major categories of packing used hav organic polymers. The former were repo for metal losses when nanogram amounts Fig. 1 Hyphenated techniques available for species-selective analysis of biological materials. 966 Analyst, 2000, 125, 963–988 Separation Detection Identification Meija et al. 2006 TrAC 25: 44 Szpunar 2000 Analyst 125: 963 Szpunar 2005 Analyst 130: 442 HPLC ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS Integrated mass spectrometry Introduction
  72. the majority of species of interest in bioinorganic trace analysis

    have not yet been isolated in sufficient purity to be used as retention or migration time standards. Therefore, it is becoming of paramount importance to employ in parallel a molecule (or moiety)-specific detector to establish the identity of the eluted smaller species, especially ions with a ratio, secondary adsorption and ion-exch separations. These phenomena, initially sance in SE HPLC, are becoming m employed for the separation of organose noarsenic compounds.100–103 SE HPLC has the advantage over othe the high tolerance to biological matr (0.7–1.0 ml min21) and compositions of t are readily tolerated by flame atomic abso emission and mass spectrometers. Anoth of SE HPLC is the possibility of avoiding mobile phase,98,104 and hence the possib matrix in heartcut and lyophilized fractio multifold dilution of the sample during c is the higher the larger are the column d Packing. Separation by SE HPLC sho the analyte’s charge but, in practice, the s displays charged properties so that a mix observed. This makes the choice of pac major categories of packing used hav organic polymers. The former were repo for metal losses when nanogram amounts Fig. 1 Hyphenated techniques available for species-selective analysis of biological materials. 966 Analyst, 2000, 125, 963–988 Separation Detection Identification Meija et al. 2006 TrAC 25: 44 Szpunar 2000 Analyst 125: 963 Szpunar 2005 Analyst 130: 442 HPLC ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS Integrated mass spectrometry Introduction
  73. the majority of species of interest in bioinorganic trace analysis

    have not yet been isolated in sufficient purity to be used as retention or migration time standards. Therefore, it is becoming of paramount importance to employ in parallel a molecule (or moiety)-specific detector to establish the identity of the eluted smaller species, especially ions with a ratio, secondary adsorption and ion-exch separations. These phenomena, initially sance in SE HPLC, are becoming m employed for the separation of organose noarsenic compounds.100–103 SE HPLC has the advantage over othe the high tolerance to biological matr (0.7–1.0 ml min21) and compositions of t are readily tolerated by flame atomic abso emission and mass spectrometers. Anoth of SE HPLC is the possibility of avoiding mobile phase,98,104 and hence the possib matrix in heartcut and lyophilized fractio multifold dilution of the sample during c is the higher the larger are the column d Packing. Separation by SE HPLC sho the analyte’s charge but, in practice, the s displays charged properties so that a mix observed. This makes the choice of pac major categories of packing used hav organic polymers. The former were repo for metal losses when nanogram amounts Fig. 1 Hyphenated techniques available for species-selective analysis of biological materials. 966 Analyst, 2000, 125, 963–988 Separation Detection Identification Meija et al. 2006 TrAC 25: 44 Szpunar 2000 Analyst 125: 963 Szpunar 2005 Analyst 130: 442 HPLC ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS Integrated mass spectrometry Introduction
  74. the majority of species of interest in bioinorganic trace analysis

    have not yet been isolated in sufficient purity to be used as retention or migration time standards. Therefore, it is becoming of paramount importance to employ in parallel a molecule (or moiety)-specific detector to establish the identity of the eluted smaller species, especially ions with a ratio, secondary adsorption and ion-exch separations. These phenomena, initially sance in SE HPLC, are becoming m employed for the separation of organose noarsenic compounds.100–103 SE HPLC has the advantage over othe the high tolerance to biological matr (0.7–1.0 ml min21) and compositions of t are readily tolerated by flame atomic abso emission and mass spectrometers. Anoth of SE HPLC is the possibility of avoiding mobile phase,98,104 and hence the possib matrix in heartcut and lyophilized fractio multifold dilution of the sample during c is the higher the larger are the column d Packing. Separation by SE HPLC sho the analyte’s charge but, in practice, the s displays charged properties so that a mix observed. This makes the choice of pac major categories of packing used hav organic polymers. The former were repo for metal losses when nanogram amounts Fig. 1 Hyphenated techniques available for species-selective analysis of biological materials. 966 Analyst, 2000, 125, 963–988 Separation Detection Identification Meija et al. 2006 TrAC 25: 44 Szpunar 2000 Analyst 125: 963 Szpunar 2005 Analyst 130: 442 HPLC ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS Integrated mass spectrometry What information can we get using HPLC-ESI-TOFMS? Introduction
  75. 5.9 min 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time [min]

    0 50 100 150 200 250 Intens. Intens. Intens. Separation (by HPLC) 5.9 min 3D Compound Information Retention Time Introduction
  76. 5.9 min 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time [min]

    0 50 100 150 200 250 Intens. Intens. Intens. mass/charge (m/z) Identification (by TOFMS) 330.4 344.4 398.5 412.5 440.5 500.5 572.6 -MS, 3.0-19.1min #(89-573) 0 200 400 600 800 Intens. 300 350 400 450 500 550 m/z Separation (by HPLC) 5.9 min 3D Compound Information Retention Time Introduction
  77. 14.8 min 0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400

    410 412 413 414 7. -MS, 13.0-15.0min 0 1000 2000 3000 Intens. 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 m/z 410 412 413 414 9. -MS, 15.1-16.9min 0 2000 4000 6000 Intens. 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 m/z 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Intens. 408 4 m/z 5.9 min 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time [min] 0 50 100 150 200 250 Intens. Intens. Intens. mass/charge (m/z) Identification (by TOFMS) 330.4 344.4 398.5 412.5 440.5 500.5 572.6 -MS, 3.0-19.1min #(89-573) 0 200 400 600 800 Intens. 300 350 400 450 500 550 m/z Separation (by HPLC) 5.9 min 3D Compound Information Isotopic Pattern Retention Time Introduction
  78. 14.8 min 0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400

    410 412 413 414 7. -MS, 13.0-15.0min 0 1000 2000 3000 Intens. 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 m/z 410 412 413 414 9. -MS, 15.1-16.9min 0 2000 4000 6000 Intens. 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 m/z 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Intens. 408 4 m/z 5.9 min 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time [min] 0 50 100 150 200 250 Intens. Intens. Intens. mass/charge (m/z) Identification (by TOFMS) 330.4 344.4 398.5 412.5 440.5 500.5 572.6 -MS, 3.0-19.1min #(89-573) 0 200 400 600 800 Intens. 300 350 400 450 500 550 m/z Separation (by HPLC) 5.9 min 3D Compound Information Isotopic Pattern Retention Time Isotopic Pattern Introduction
  79. CHO + 1 Fe CHO + 3 Fe Isotopic Pattern

    Introduction We can determine the molecular formula using the isotopic pattern and the exact m/z
  80. CHO + 1 Fe CHO + 3 Fe Isotopic Pattern

    Introduction We can determine the molecular formula using the isotopic pattern and the exact m/z
  81. CHO + 1 Fe CHO + 3 Fe Isotopic Pattern

    Introduction We can determine the molecular formula using the isotopic pattern and the exact m/z
  82. CHO + 1 Fe CHO + 3 Fe Isotopic Pattern

    Introduction We can determine the molecular formula using the isotopic pattern and the exact m/z
  83. CHO + 1 Fe CHO + 3 Fe Isotopic Pattern

    Introduction We can determine the molecular formula using the isotopic pattern and the exact m/z
  84. Lan et al. 2011 Plant Phys In Press Rodríguez-Celma et

    al 2011 J Protem Res Under Review Li et al 2008 Proteomics 8: 2229 Introduction Fe Deficiency Plant Metabolite Changes Metabolomics
  85. DNA Genomics RNA Transcriptomics Proteins Proteomics Metabolites Metabolomics Lan et

    al. 2011 Plant Phys In Press Rodríguez-Celma et al 2011 J Protem Res Under Review Li et al 2008 Proteomics 8: 2229 Introduction Fe Deficiency Plant Metabolite Changes Metabolomics
  86. Fiehn et al. 2008 Plant J 53: 691 Fiehn et

    al. 2007 Metabolomics 3: 195 Fiehn et al. (2008) Plant J 53: 691 Metabolomics Workflow Introduction
  87. Fiehn et al. 2008 Plant J 53: 691 Fiehn et

    al. 2007 Metabolomics 3: 195 Fiehn et al. (2008) Plant J 53: 691 Metabolomics Workflow Sops Experimental Design (SetupX) Sample Preparation Wet lab work MS Data Acquisition Export, align annotate Data Annotation (BinBase) Transformation Statistics Data Analysis Statistics norm & tansform classes Biosource control mutant organ 1 organ 2 organ 1 organ 2 dose 1 Class Class Class Class dose 2 Class Class Class Class dose 1 Class Class Class Class dose 2 Class Class Class Class Growth history treatm 1 treatm 2 GC Separation Introduction
  88. Objectives Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS Iron-citrate xylem transport

    HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Objective 1: Analytical Methodologies to Study Fe-Long Distance Transport
  89. 1. To study the formation of metal complexes with nicotianamine

    as affected by pH, ligand and metal exchange by means of electrospray time- of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOFMS) Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS Objective Nicotianamine (NA) Fe-NA
  90. pH 7-7.5 pH 5-6.5 pH 7-7.5 xylem root leaf pH

    changes Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS
  91. Mat and Met pH dependance Ligand Exchange (Citrate) Metal Exchange

    pH 5.5 pH 7.5 DI-ESI-MS In Silico pH 5.5 pH 7.5 Cu Zn Cu Zn Fe(II)-NA X X X X X X X X Fe(III)-NA X X Mn(II)-NA X X Zn(II)-NA X X Ni(II)-NA X X Cu(II)-NA X X Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS
  92. Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS Materials and Methods Direct

    Infusion DI ESI Identifying System Components Bruker Daltonik GmbH 2.2.2 Syringe pump A small syringe pump (see Figure 2-3) is included with the micrOTOF-Q system to provide for the introduction of samples directly to either the electrospray or APCI ion sources. The syringe pump is supplied with a 250 l syringe. Smaller and larger syringes can also be used. Figure 2-3 Syringe pump coupled to the Apollo source 2-4 micrOTOF-Q User Manual, Version 1.1 TOFMS Metal-NA
  93. Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS Materials and Methods Direct

    Infusion DI ESI Identifying System Components Bruker Daltonik GmbH 2.2.2 Syringe pump A small syringe pump (see Figure 2-3) is included with the micrOTOF-Q system to provide for the introduction of samples directly to either the electrospray or APCI ion sources. The syringe pump is supplied with a 250 l syringe. Smaller and larger syringes can also be used. Figure 2-3 Syringe pump coupled to the Apollo source 2-4 micrOTOF-Q User Manual, Version 1.1 TOFMS Metal-NA Citrate, Cu, Zn Ligand and Metal Exchange
  94. Metal-NA complexes can be studied by ESI-MS Results and Discussion

    Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2008 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 15
  95. Metal-NA complexes can be studied by ESI-MS Results and Discussion

    Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2008 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 15 Experimental Data Experimental Data Theoretical Data Theoretical Data
  96. DI-ESI-MS Fe-NA complexes are pH dependent In Silico Intensity pH

    Concentration Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2008 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 15
  97. DI-ESI-MS Fe-NA complexes are pH dependent In Silico Intensity pH

    Concentration Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2008 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 15
  98. DI-ESI-MS Fe-NA complexes are pH dependent In Silico Intensity pH

    Concentration Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2008 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 15
  99. Fe(II)-NA ligand exchange with citrate Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by

    ESI-TOFMS Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2008 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 15 +Citrate +Citrate
  100. Fe(II)-NA ligand exchange with citrate Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by

    ESI-TOFMS Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2008 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 15 Relative abundance m/z pH 7.5 pH 5.5 +Citrate +Citrate
  101. Fe(II)-NA ligand exchange with citrate Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by

    ESI-TOFMS Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2008 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 15 Relative abundance m/z pH 7.5 pH 5.5 +Citrate +Citrate
  102. Fe(II)-NA metal exchange with Zn Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by

    ESI-TOFMS Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2008 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 15 pH 7.5 pH 5.5 m/z Relative abundance
  103. Concluding Remarks -Metal-NA complexes can be studied using ESI-TOFMS -Small

    changes in pH can affect metal-NA speciation Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS
  104. Concluding Remarks -Metal-NA complexes can be studied using ESI-TOFMS -Small

    changes in pH can affect metal-NA speciation -Citrate and metal exchange reactions can easily occur at pH 5.5 but not at 7.5 Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS
  105. Concluding Remarks -Metal-NA complexes can be studied using ESI-TOFMS -Small

    changes in pH can affect metal-NA speciation -Citrate and metal exchange reactions can easily occur at pH 5.5 but not at 7.5 -NA as a possible Fe chelator in phloem but not in xylem Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS
  106. Concluding Remarks -Metal-NA complexes can be studied using ESI-TOFMS -Small

    changes in pH can affect metal-NA speciation -Citrate and metal exchange reactions can easily occur at pH 5.5 but not at 7.5 -NA as a possible Fe chelator in phloem but not in xylem -Keypoints when doing metal speciation in plant fluids: Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS
  107. Concluding Remarks -Metal-NA complexes can be studied using ESI-TOFMS -Small

    changes in pH can affect metal-NA speciation -Citrate and metal exchange reactions can easily occur at pH 5.5 but not at 7.5 -NA as a possible Fe chelator in phloem but not in xylem -Keypoints when doing metal speciation in plant fluids: -Keep the original plant fluid pH Study of metal-nicotianamine complexes by ESI-TOFMS
  108. 2. To develop a method for the determination of naturally

    occurring Fe complexes in xylem sap, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ESI-TOFMS and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) Objective Iron-citrate xylem transport
  109. Iron-citrate xylem transport Materials and Methods Separation Detection and quantification

    Identification A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HILIC A tutorial and application book Introduction This guide aims at introducing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which is a technique suitable for separation of very polar and hydrophilic compounds. It deals with the basic theory of HILIC and the practical aspects of this separation mode. This booklet will also introduce the reader to the SeQuant zwitterionic ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®-pHILIC stationary phases, see Figure 1, and contains a range of application examples for different types of hydrophilic compounds. You can read more about this and lots of other things in this guide. Figure 1: The functional group of the ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®- pHILIC stationary phases. If your HILIC questions cannot be solved with this compilation SeQuant is at your service. We first recommend you to visit the SeQuant homepage (www.sequant.com), where you always find material update, applications and technical data on our products. If you need additional information the SeQuant staff will be happy to further assist you. Why HILIC? Despite the fact that reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the overall most applied separation technique, and that it can be used for a variety of applications in junction with the most common detection principles, certain of choice for this purpose, using non-aqueous mobile phases not very friendly to the environment. Yet, under such experimental conditions it is difficult to dissolve polar and hydrophilic compounds. In its place, HILIC is the alternative as the elution order is likewise inverted to RPLC, as illustrated in Figure 2. In other words, solutes that have little or no retention on RPLC columns generally experience strong retention on HILIC columns. Figure 2: Separation of peptides under HILIC and RPLC conditions. Eluents; (HILIC) 60:40 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7, (RPLC) 5:95 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7. Legend; (1) Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe, (2) Leu-Gly-Gly, (3) Gly-Gly-Gly. The HILIC technique thus bears similarities with traditional NPLC, but with the important difference that HILIC employs semi-aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, with respect to analyte solubility in the eluent and matrix compatibility, HILIC is superior, as the mobile phase compositions used are comparable to RPLC separations. Typical eluents for HILIC consist of 40-97% acetonitrile in water or a volatile buffer. HILIC is thus a very mass spectrometry (MS) friendly technique, and by changing from RPLC to HILIC a 10-1000 fold increase in sensitivity is HILIC ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS
  110. Iron-citrate xylem transport Materials and Methods Justo Giner J. I.García

    J. A. Rodríguez University of Oviedo Separation Detection and quantification Identification A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HILIC A tutorial and application book Introduction This guide aims at introducing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which is a technique suitable for separation of very polar and hydrophilic compounds. It deals with the basic theory of HILIC and the practical aspects of this separation mode. This booklet will also introduce the reader to the SeQuant zwitterionic ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®-pHILIC stationary phases, see Figure 1, and contains a range of application examples for different types of hydrophilic compounds. You can read more about this and lots of other things in this guide. Figure 1: The functional group of the ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®- pHILIC stationary phases. If your HILIC questions cannot be solved with this compilation SeQuant is at your service. We first recommend you to visit the SeQuant homepage (www.sequant.com), where you always find material update, applications and technical data on our products. If you need additional information the SeQuant staff will be happy to further assist you. Why HILIC? Despite the fact that reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the overall most applied separation technique, and that it can be used for a variety of applications in junction with the most common detection principles, certain of choice for this purpose, using non-aqueous mobile phases not very friendly to the environment. Yet, under such experimental conditions it is difficult to dissolve polar and hydrophilic compounds. In its place, HILIC is the alternative as the elution order is likewise inverted to RPLC, as illustrated in Figure 2. In other words, solutes that have little or no retention on RPLC columns generally experience strong retention on HILIC columns. Figure 2: Separation of peptides under HILIC and RPLC conditions. Eluents; (HILIC) 60:40 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7, (RPLC) 5:95 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7. Legend; (1) Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe, (2) Leu-Gly-Gly, (3) Gly-Gly-Gly. The HILIC technique thus bears similarities with traditional NPLC, but with the important difference that HILIC employs semi-aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, with respect to analyte solubility in the eluent and matrix compatibility, HILIC is superior, as the mobile phase compositions used are comparable to RPLC separations. Typical eluents for HILIC consist of 40-97% acetonitrile in water or a volatile buffer. HILIC is thus a very mass spectrometry (MS) friendly technique, and by changing from RPLC to HILIC a 10-1000 fold increase in sensitivity is HILIC ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS
  111. ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS © Copyright, 2005-2007 , SeQuant AB A PRACTICAL

    GUIDE TO HILIC A tutorial and application book Introduction This guide aims at introducing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which is a technique suitable for separation of very polar and hydrophilic compounds. It deals with the basic theory of HILIC and the practical aspects of this separation mode. This booklet will also introduce the reader to the SeQuant zwitterionic ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®-pHILIC stationary phases, see Figure 1, and contains a range of application examples for different types of hydrophilic compounds. You can read more about this and lots of other things in this guide. Figure 1: The functional group of the ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®- pHILIC stationary phases. If your HILIC questions cannot be solved with this compilation SeQuant is at your service. We first recommend you to visit the SeQuant homepage (www.sequant.com), where you always find material update, applications and technical data on our products. If you need additional information the SeQuant staff will be happy to further assist you. Why HILIC? Despite the fact that reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the overall most applied separation technique, and that it can be used for a variety of applications in junction with the most common detection principles, certain solutes, especially polar and hydrophilic compounds, are not retainable in a simple fashion. Over a long period normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) has been the technique of choice for this purpose, using non-aqueous mobile phases not very friendly to the environment. Yet, under such experimental conditions it is difficult to dissolve polar and hydrophilic compounds. In its place, HILIC is the alternative as the elution order is likewise inverted to RPLC, as illustrated in Figure 2. In other words, solutes that have little or no retention on RPLC columns generally experience strong retention on HILIC columns. Figure 2: Separation of peptides under HILIC and RPLC conditions. Eluents; (HILIC) 60:40 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7, (RPLC) 5:95 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7. Legend; (1) Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe, (2) Leu-Gly-Gly, (3) Gly-Gly-Gly. The HILIC technique thus bears similarities with traditional NPLC, but with the important difference that HILIC employs semi-aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, with respect to analyte solubility in the eluent and matrix compatibility, HILIC is superior, as the mobile phase compositions used are comparable to RPLC separations. Typical eluents for HILIC consist of 40-97% acetonitrile in water or a volatile buffer. HILIC is thus a very mass spectrometry (MS) friendly technique, and by changing from RPLC to HILIC a 10-1000 fold increase in sensitivity is often observed for hydrophilic analytes. Ion-pair reagents are also completely avoided, which is advantageous for preparative chromatography. natFe-Cit Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion
  112. 54Fe-Cit ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS © Copyright, 2005-2007 , SeQuant AB A

    PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HILIC A tutorial and application book Introduction This guide aims at introducing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which is a technique suitable for separation of very polar and hydrophilic compounds. It deals with the basic theory of HILIC and the practical aspects of this separation mode. This booklet will also introduce the reader to the SeQuant zwitterionic ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®-pHILIC stationary phases, see Figure 1, and contains a range of application examples for different types of hydrophilic compounds. You can read more about this and lots of other things in this guide. Figure 1: The functional group of the ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®- pHILIC stationary phases. If your HILIC questions cannot be solved with this compilation SeQuant is at your service. We first recommend you to visit the SeQuant homepage (www.sequant.com), where you always find material update, applications and technical data on our products. If you need additional information the SeQuant staff will be happy to further assist you. Why HILIC? Despite the fact that reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the overall most applied separation technique, and that it can be used for a variety of applications in junction with the most common detection principles, certain solutes, especially polar and hydrophilic compounds, are not retainable in a simple fashion. Over a long period normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) has been the technique of choice for this purpose, using non-aqueous mobile phases not very friendly to the environment. Yet, under such experimental conditions it is difficult to dissolve polar and hydrophilic compounds. In its place, HILIC is the alternative as the elution order is likewise inverted to RPLC, as illustrated in Figure 2. In other words, solutes that have little or no retention on RPLC columns generally experience strong retention on HILIC columns. Figure 2: Separation of peptides under HILIC and RPLC conditions. Eluents; (HILIC) 60:40 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7, (RPLC) 5:95 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7. Legend; (1) Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe, (2) Leu-Gly-Gly, (3) Gly-Gly-Gly. The HILIC technique thus bears similarities with traditional NPLC, but with the important difference that HILIC employs semi-aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, with respect to analyte solubility in the eluent and matrix compatibility, HILIC is superior, as the mobile phase compositions used are comparable to RPLC separations. Typical eluents for HILIC consist of 40-97% acetonitrile in water or a volatile buffer. HILIC is thus a very mass spectrometry (MS) friendly technique, and by changing from RPLC to HILIC a 10-1000 fold increase in sensitivity is often observed for hydrophilic analytes. Ion-pair reagents are also completely avoided, which is advantageous for preparative chromatography. natFe-Cit Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion the whole process is done at xylem pH: 5.5 Fe:Cit 1:10
  113. 54Fe-Cit ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS © Copyright, 2005-2007 , SeQuant AB A

    PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HILIC A tutorial and application book Introduction This guide aims at introducing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which is a technique suitable for separation of very polar and hydrophilic compounds. It deals with the basic theory of HILIC and the practical aspects of this separation mode. This booklet will also introduce the reader to the SeQuant zwitterionic ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®-pHILIC stationary phases, see Figure 1, and contains a range of application examples for different types of hydrophilic compounds. You can read more about this and lots of other things in this guide. Figure 1: The functional group of the ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®- pHILIC stationary phases. If your HILIC questions cannot be solved with this compilation SeQuant is at your service. We first recommend you to visit the SeQuant homepage (www.sequant.com), where you always find material update, applications and technical data on our products. If you need additional information the SeQuant staff will be happy to further assist you. Why HILIC? Despite the fact that reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the overall most applied separation technique, and that it can be used for a variety of applications in junction with the most common detection principles, certain solutes, especially polar and hydrophilic compounds, are not retainable in a simple fashion. Over a long period normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) has been the technique of choice for this purpose, using non-aqueous mobile phases not very friendly to the environment. Yet, under such experimental conditions it is difficult to dissolve polar and hydrophilic compounds. In its place, HILIC is the alternative as the elution order is likewise inverted to RPLC, as illustrated in Figure 2. In other words, solutes that have little or no retention on RPLC columns generally experience strong retention on HILIC columns. Figure 2: Separation of peptides under HILIC and RPLC conditions. Eluents; (HILIC) 60:40 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7, (RPLC) 5:95 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7. Legend; (1) Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe, (2) Leu-Gly-Gly, (3) Gly-Gly-Gly. The HILIC technique thus bears similarities with traditional NPLC, but with the important difference that HILIC employs semi-aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, with respect to analyte solubility in the eluent and matrix compatibility, HILIC is superior, as the mobile phase compositions used are comparable to RPLC separations. Typical eluents for HILIC consist of 40-97% acetonitrile in water or a volatile buffer. HILIC is thus a very mass spectrometry (MS) friendly technique, and by changing from RPLC to HILIC a 10-1000 fold increase in sensitivity is often observed for hydrophilic analytes. Ion-pair reagents are also completely avoided, which is advantageous for preparative chromatography. natFe-Cit Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion 2 Fe Peaks the whole process is done at xylem pH: 5.5 Fe:Cit 1:10
  114. 54Fe-Cit ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS © Copyright, 2005-2007 , SeQuant AB A

    PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HILIC A tutorial and application book Introduction This guide aims at introducing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which is a technique suitable for separation of very polar and hydrophilic compounds. It deals with the basic theory of HILIC and the practical aspects of this separation mode. This booklet will also introduce the reader to the SeQuant zwitterionic ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®-pHILIC stationary phases, see Figure 1, and contains a range of application examples for different types of hydrophilic compounds. You can read more about this and lots of other things in this guide. Figure 1: The functional group of the ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®- pHILIC stationary phases. If your HILIC questions cannot be solved with this compilation SeQuant is at your service. We first recommend you to visit the SeQuant homepage (www.sequant.com), where you always find material update, applications and technical data on our products. If you need additional information the SeQuant staff will be happy to further assist you. Why HILIC? Despite the fact that reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the overall most applied separation technique, and that it can be used for a variety of applications in junction with the most common detection principles, certain solutes, especially polar and hydrophilic compounds, are not retainable in a simple fashion. Over a long period normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) has been the technique of choice for this purpose, using non-aqueous mobile phases not very friendly to the environment. Yet, under such experimental conditions it is difficult to dissolve polar and hydrophilic compounds. In its place, HILIC is the alternative as the elution order is likewise inverted to RPLC, as illustrated in Figure 2. In other words, solutes that have little or no retention on RPLC columns generally experience strong retention on HILIC columns. Figure 2: Separation of peptides under HILIC and RPLC conditions. Eluents; (HILIC) 60:40 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7, (RPLC) 5:95 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7. Legend; (1) Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe, (2) Leu-Gly-Gly, (3) Gly-Gly-Gly. The HILIC technique thus bears similarities with traditional NPLC, but with the important difference that HILIC employs semi-aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, with respect to analyte solubility in the eluent and matrix compatibility, HILIC is superior, as the mobile phase compositions used are comparable to RPLC separations. Typical eluents for HILIC consist of 40-97% acetonitrile in water or a volatile buffer. HILIC is thus a very mass spectrometry (MS) friendly technique, and by changing from RPLC to HILIC a 10-1000 fold increase in sensitivity is often observed for hydrophilic analytes. Ion-pair reagents are also completely avoided, which is advantageous for preparative chromatography. natFe-Cit Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion 2 Fe Peaks 2 Fe-Complexes Peaks the whole process is done at xylem pH: 5.5 Fe:Cit 1:10
  115. 54Fe-Cit ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS © Copyright, 2005-2007 , SeQuant AB A

    PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HILIC A tutorial and application book Introduction This guide aims at introducing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which is a technique suitable for separation of very polar and hydrophilic compounds. It deals with the basic theory of HILIC and the practical aspects of this separation mode. This booklet will also introduce the reader to the SeQuant zwitterionic ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®-pHILIC stationary phases, see Figure 1, and contains a range of application examples for different types of hydrophilic compounds. You can read more about this and lots of other things in this guide. Figure 1: The functional group of the ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®- pHILIC stationary phases. If your HILIC questions cannot be solved with this compilation SeQuant is at your service. We first recommend you to visit the SeQuant homepage (www.sequant.com), where you always find material update, applications and technical data on our products. If you need additional information the SeQuant staff will be happy to further assist you. Why HILIC? Despite the fact that reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the overall most applied separation technique, and that it can be used for a variety of applications in junction with the most common detection principles, certain solutes, especially polar and hydrophilic compounds, are not retainable in a simple fashion. Over a long period normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) has been the technique of choice for this purpose, using non-aqueous mobile phases not very friendly to the environment. Yet, under such experimental conditions it is difficult to dissolve polar and hydrophilic compounds. In its place, HILIC is the alternative as the elution order is likewise inverted to RPLC, as illustrated in Figure 2. In other words, solutes that have little or no retention on RPLC columns generally experience strong retention on HILIC columns. Figure 2: Separation of peptides under HILIC and RPLC conditions. Eluents; (HILIC) 60:40 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7, (RPLC) 5:95 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7. Legend; (1) Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe, (2) Leu-Gly-Gly, (3) Gly-Gly-Gly. The HILIC technique thus bears similarities with traditional NPLC, but with the important difference that HILIC employs semi-aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, with respect to analyte solubility in the eluent and matrix compatibility, HILIC is superior, as the mobile phase compositions used are comparable to RPLC separations. Typical eluents for HILIC consist of 40-97% acetonitrile in water or a volatile buffer. HILIC is thus a very mass spectrometry (MS) friendly technique, and by changing from RPLC to HILIC a 10-1000 fold increase in sensitivity is often observed for hydrophilic analytes. Ion-pair reagents are also completely avoided, which is advantageous for preparative chromatography. natFe-Cit Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion 2 Fe Peaks 2 Fe-Complexes Peaks the whole process is done at xylem pH: 5.5 Fe:Cit 1:10
  116. 54Fe-Cit ICP-MS ESI-TOFMS © Copyright, 2005-2007 , SeQuant AB A

    PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HILIC A tutorial and application book Introduction This guide aims at introducing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which is a technique suitable for separation of very polar and hydrophilic compounds. It deals with the basic theory of HILIC and the practical aspects of this separation mode. This booklet will also introduce the reader to the SeQuant zwitterionic ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®-pHILIC stationary phases, see Figure 1, and contains a range of application examples for different types of hydrophilic compounds. You can read more about this and lots of other things in this guide. Figure 1: The functional group of the ZIC®-HILIC and ZIC®- pHILIC stationary phases. If your HILIC questions cannot be solved with this compilation SeQuant is at your service. We first recommend you to visit the SeQuant homepage (www.sequant.com), where you always find material update, applications and technical data on our products. If you need additional information the SeQuant staff will be happy to further assist you. Why HILIC? Despite the fact that reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the overall most applied separation technique, and that it can be used for a variety of applications in junction with the most common detection principles, certain solutes, especially polar and hydrophilic compounds, are not retainable in a simple fashion. Over a long period normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) has been the technique of choice for this purpose, using non-aqueous mobile phases not very friendly to the environment. Yet, under such experimental conditions it is difficult to dissolve polar and hydrophilic compounds. In its place, HILIC is the alternative as the elution order is likewise inverted to RPLC, as illustrated in Figure 2. In other words, solutes that have little or no retention on RPLC columns generally experience strong retention on HILIC columns. Figure 2: Separation of peptides under HILIC and RPLC conditions. Eluents; (HILIC) 60:40 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7, (RPLC) 5:95 acetonitrile / 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7. Legend; (1) Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe, (2) Leu-Gly-Gly, (3) Gly-Gly-Gly. The HILIC technique thus bears similarities with traditional NPLC, but with the important difference that HILIC employs semi-aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, with respect to analyte solubility in the eluent and matrix compatibility, HILIC is superior, as the mobile phase compositions used are comparable to RPLC separations. Typical eluents for HILIC consist of 40-97% acetonitrile in water or a volatile buffer. HILIC is thus a very mass spectrometry (MS) friendly technique, and by changing from RPLC to HILIC a 10-1000 fold increase in sensitivity is often observed for hydrophilic analytes. Ion-pair reagents are also completely avoided, which is advantageous for preparative chromatography. natFe-Cit Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion 2 Fe Peaks 2 Fe-Complexes Peaks the whole process is done at xylem pH: 5.5 Fe:Cit 1:10
  117. natFe-Cit Intensity m/z 54Fe-Cit Experimental Data Iron-citrate xylem transport Results

    and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  118. Experimental m/z Molecular
 formula 375.4047 natFe3C18H15O22 372.4119 54Fe3C18H15O22 natFe-Cit Intensity

    m/z 54Fe-Cit Experimental Data Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  119. Experimental m/z Molecular
 formula 375.4047 natFe3C18H15O22 372.4119 54Fe3C18H15O22 natFe-Cit Intensity

    m/z 54Fe-Cit Experimental Data Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  120. Experimental m/z Molecular
 formula 375.4047 natFe3C18H15O22 372.4119 54Fe3C18H15O22 natFe-Cit Intensity

    m/z 54Fe-Cit Experimental Data Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  121. Experimental m/z Molecular
 formula 375.4047 natFe3C18H15O22 372.4119 54Fe3C18H15O22 natFe-Cit Intensity

    m/z 54Fe-Cit Experimental Data Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  122. Experimental m/z Molecular
 formula 375.4047 natFe3C18H15O22 372.4119 54Fe3C18H15O22 natFe-Cit Intensity

    m/z 54Fe-Cit Experimental Data Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 Theoretical 
 m/z Error m/z (ppm) 375.4057 1.7 372.4127 2.3 Theoretical Data
  123. Fe3-Cit3 3D Modelling Jesús Orduna Uni. Zar. ICMA Iron-citrate xylem

    transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  124. Fe3-Cit3 3D Modelling Jesús Orduna Uni. Zar. ICMA Iron-citrate xylem

    transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  125. Oxo-bridged tri-Fe core center Fe3-Cit3 3D Modelling Jesús Orduna Uni.

    Zar. ICMA Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  126. Oxo-bridged tri-Fe core center Distal carboxylate groups Fe3-Cit3 3D Modelling

    Jesús Orduna Uni. Zar. ICMA Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  127. Oxo-bridged tri-Fe core center Distal carboxylate groups Central carboxylate group

    Fe3-Cit3 3D Modelling Jesús Orduna Uni. Zar. ICMA Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  128. Oxo-bridged tri-Fe core center Distal carboxylate groups Central carboxylate group

    Octahedral configuration Fe3-Cit3 3D Modelling Jesús Orduna Uni. Zar. ICMA Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  129. Oxo-bridged tri-Fe core center H-bonds Distal carboxylate groups Central carboxylate

    group Octahedral configuration Fe3-Cit3 3D Modelling Jesús Orduna Uni. Zar. ICMA Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  130. Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion López-Millán et al. 2000

    Plant Physiol 124: 885 Larbi et al. 2003 J Plant Physiol 160: 1473 Fe:Cit ratios change with Fe-deficiency Sugar beet Peach +Fe 1:36 1:8 -Fe 1:2474 1:125 Fact
  131. Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010

    Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 López-Millán et al. 2000 Plant Physiol 124: 885 Larbi et al. 2003 J Plant Physiol 160: 1473 Fe:Cit ratios change with Fe-deficiency Sugar beet Peach +Fe 1:36 1:8 -Fe 1:2474 1:125 Fact Fe2Cit2 Fe3Cit3 ICP-MS Fe:Cit 1:1 1:10 1:10 1:50 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 54Fe nmol Fe:Cit Ratios drive the formation of Fe-Cit Complexes
  132. ESI-TOFMS Fe2Cit2 Fe3Cit3 Fe-Cit ESI-MS Intensity x 104 Fe:Cit 1:1

    1:10 1:10 1:50 0 1 2 3 4 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 López-Millán et al. 2000 Plant Physiol 124: 885 Larbi et al. 2003 J Plant Physiol 160: 1473 Fe:Cit ratios change with Fe-deficiency Sugar beet Peach +Fe 1:36 1:8 -Fe 1:2474 1:125 Fact Fe2Cit2 Fe3Cit3 ICP-MS Fe:Cit 1:1 1:10 1:10 1:50 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 54Fe nmol Fe:Cit Ratios drive the formation of Fe-Cit Complexes
  133. ESI-TOFMS Fe2Cit2 Fe3Cit3 Fe-Cit ESI-MS Intensity x 104 Fe:Cit 1:1

    1:10 1:10 1:50 0 1 2 3 4 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 López-Millán et al. 2000 Plant Physiol 124: 885 Larbi et al. 2003 J Plant Physiol 160: 1473 Fe:Cit ratios change with Fe-deficiency Sugar beet Peach +Fe 1:36 1:8 -Fe 1:2474 1:125 Fact Fe2Cit2 Fe3Cit3 ICP-MS Fe:Cit 1:1 1:10 1:10 1:50 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 54Fe nmol Fe:Cit Ratios drive the formation of Fe-Cit Complexes
  134. ESI-TOFMS Fe2Cit2 Fe3Cit3 Fe-Cit ESI-MS Intensity x 104 Fe:Cit 1:1

    1:10 1:10 1:50 0 1 2 3 4 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 López-Millán et al. 2000 Plant Physiol 124: 885 Larbi et al. 2003 J Plant Physiol 160: 1473 Fe:Cit ratios change with Fe-deficiency Sugar beet Peach +Fe 1:36 1:8 -Fe 1:2474 1:125 Fact Fe2Cit2 Fe3Cit3 ICP-MS Fe:Cit 1:1 1:10 1:10 1:50 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 54Fe nmol Fe:Cit Ratios drive the formation of Fe-Cit Complexes
  135. Tomato Xylem Sap Control Fe-Deficient Fe-Resupplied Sampling Time natFe 54Fe

    natFe 54Fe natFe 54Fe 11:00 X X X X 17:00 X X X X 23: 00 X X X X 05:00 X X X X 11:00 X X X X Iron-citrate xylem transport Materials and Methods
  136. [Fe] µM 0 75 150 225 300 Time after Fe-resupply

    (h) 0 6 12 18 24 -Fe Resupplied +Fe -Fe Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  137. [Fe] µM 0 75 150 225 300 Time after Fe-resupply

    (h) 0 6 12 18 24 -Fe Resupplied +Fe -Fe Cit:172 µM Fe:Cit 1:1.4 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  138. [Fe] µM 0 75 150 225 300 Time after Fe-resupply

    (h) 0 6 12 18 24 -Fe Resupplied +Fe -Fe Cit:172 µM Fe:Cit 1:1.4 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  139. [Fe] µM 0 75 150 225 300 Time after Fe-resupply

    (h) 0 6 12 18 24 -Fe Resupplied +Fe -Fe Cit:172 µM Fe:Cit 1:1.4 Iron-citrate xylem transport Results and discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91 Only one Fe-Cit Complex: Fe3OCit3 54Fe natFe
  140. -An HPLC-ESI-MS method was designed for the determination of natural

    Fe complexes in plant fluids Iron-citrate xylem transport Concluding Remarks
  141. -Using this method, the first unequivocal identification of a natural

    Fe complex in xylem sap was achieved: Fe3OCit3 -An HPLC-ESI-MS method was designed for the determination of natural Fe complexes in plant fluids Iron-citrate xylem transport Concluding Remarks
  142. -Using this method, the first unequivocal identification of a natural

    Fe complex in xylem sap was achieved: Fe3OCit3 -An HPLC-ESI-MS method was designed for the determination of natural Fe complexes in plant fluids -Another Fe-Cit complex, Fe2Cit2, was also found in Fe-Cit standards Iron-citrate xylem transport Concluding Remarks
  143. -Using this method, the first unequivocal identification of a natural

    Fe complex in xylem sap was achieved: Fe3OCit3 -An HPLC-ESI-MS method was designed for the determination of natural Fe complexes in plant fluids -Another Fe-Cit complex, Fe2Cit2, was also found in Fe-Cit standards -The Fe:Cit ratio drives the formation of these two compounds Iron-citrate xylem transport Concluding Remarks
  144. -Using this method, the first unequivocal identification of a natural

    Fe complex in xylem sap was achieved: Fe3OCit3 -An HPLC-ESI-MS method was designed for the determination of natural Fe complexes in plant fluids -Another Fe-Cit complex, Fe2Cit2, was also found in Fe-Cit standards -The Fe:Cit ratio drives the formation of these two compounds -Keep the original plant fluid pH constant Iron-citrate xylem transport Concluding Remarks
  145. 3. To develop an HPLC-ESI-TOFMS method for the determination of

    organic acids in plant tissues Objective HPLC-MS determination of organic acids
  146. HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Separation Identification HPLC ESI-TOFMS Quantification

    Isotope labelled Internal Standards Sara López Estación Experimental Aula Dei Materials and Methods
  147. Internal Standards (IS) Matrices Organic Acids 13C-Malic 13C-Succinic Sugar Beet

    Leaves Tomato Xylem Sap Orange Juice Oxalic X X X X Cis-aconitic X X X X Oxo-glutaric X X X X Citric X X X X Malic X X X X Quinic X X X X Ascorbic X X X X Shikimic X X X X Succinic X X X X Fumaric X X X X HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Materials and Methods
  148. HPLC Separation + ESI-TOFMS Detection Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted

    to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Results and Discussion
  149. HPLC Separation + ESI-TOFMS Detection Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted

    to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Results and Discussion
  150. Validation Data Repeatability - RSD % Interday Intraday LODs in

    pmol LOQs in pmol Linearity Ranges in µM R.T. Peak Area R.T. Peak Area 0.05-255 3.15-337 0.2-17 to 70-1000 1.63 4.37 0.06 0.14 Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Results and Discussion
  151. Recoveries Recoveries (%) obtained for the different organic acids in,

    sugar beet le em sap and commercial orange juice. Results are means ± SE. (n=5). Organic acid Sugar beet leaf Tomato xylem Orange juice Oxalic 107.8 ± 3.6 46.5 ± 1.0 38.9 ± 1.0 Cis-aconitic 99.2 ± 1.7 102.8 ± 2.3 95.8 ± 2.0 2-oxoglutaric 66.2 ± 0.9 68.8 ± 1.8 43.9 ± 0.7 Citric 100.0 ± 1.8 109.6 ± 2.2 96.7 ± 1.5 Malic 104.0 ± 1.4 100.6 ± 1.0 101.0 ± 0.5 Quinic 98.0 ± 0.4 96.7 ± 2.4 98.2 ± 1.4 Ascorbic 21.5 ± 0.4 85.5 ± 1.9 76.4 ± 0.5 Shikimic 103.2 ± 0.8 97.4 ± 2.5 91.9 ± 1.9 Succinic 100.4 ± 0.6 96.8 ± 2.5 96.4 ± 2.5 Fumaric 93.2 ± 0.5 94.8 ± 3.1 93.5 ± 2.7 Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Results and Discussion
  152. Recoveries Recoveries (%) obtained for the different organic acids in,

    sugar beet le em sap and commercial orange juice. Results are means ± SE. (n=5). Organic acid Sugar beet leaf Tomato xylem Orange juice Oxalic 107.8 ± 3.6 46.5 ± 1.0 38.9 ± 1.0 Cis-aconitic 99.2 ± 1.7 102.8 ± 2.3 95.8 ± 2.0 2-oxoglutaric 66.2 ± 0.9 68.8 ± 1.8 43.9 ± 0.7 Citric 100.0 ± 1.8 109.6 ± 2.2 96.7 ± 1.5 Malic 104.0 ± 1.4 100.6 ± 1.0 101.0 ± 0.5 Quinic 98.0 ± 0.4 96.7 ± 2.4 98.2 ± 1.4 Ascorbic 21.5 ± 0.4 85.5 ± 1.9 76.4 ± 0.5 Shikimic 103.2 ± 0.8 97.4 ± 2.5 91.9 ± 1.9 Succinic 100.4 ± 0.6 96.8 ± 2.5 96.4 ± 2.5 Fumaric 93.2 ± 0.5 94.8 ± 3.1 93.5 ± 2.7 Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Results and Discussion
  153. Sugar beet leaves - HPLC-ESI-TOFMS Analysis Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011

    Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Results and Discussion
  154. Sugar beet leaves - HPLC-ESI-TOFMS Analysis Major Carboxylates Intensity time

    (min) Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Results and Discussion
  155. Sugar beet leaves - HPLC-ESI-TOFMS Analysis Major Carboxylates Intensity time

    (min) Minor Carboxylates time (min) Intensity Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Results and Discussion
  156. Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of

    organic acids Concluding Remarks -Up to nine different carboxylates can be directly determined without derivatization
  157. -Quantification was done using C-labelled IS, avoiding matrix effects Rellán-Álvarez

    et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Concluding Remarks -Up to nine different carboxylates can be directly determined without derivatization
  158. -Good LODs, in line or better than those already published

    -Quantification was done using C-labelled IS, avoiding matrix effects Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Concluding Remarks -Up to nine different carboxylates can be directly determined without derivatization
  159. -Good LODs, in line or better than those already published

    -Quantification was done using C-labelled IS, avoiding matrix effects -The method was validated in three different plant tissues Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Concluding Remarks -Up to nine different carboxylates can be directly determined without derivatization
  160. -Good LODs, in line or better than those already published

    -Quantification was done using C-labelled IS, avoiding matrix effects -The method was validated in three different plant tissues -It allows us to measure a group of metabolites very important in the plant Fe deficiency response Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2011 Submitted to JAFC HPLC-MS determination of organic acids Concluding Remarks -Up to nine different carboxylates can be directly determined without derivatization
  161. Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Metabolomics of xylem sap

    and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Objective 2: Study the metabolite profile of Fe-deficient plants Objectives
  162. 4. To characterize the changes induced in the root metabolite

    profile in response to Fe deficiency and resupply, using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Objective Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
  163. Picture by C. Ortega-Villasante +Fe -Fe Sugar beet plants Iron-deficient

    Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Materials and Methods +Fe
  164. +Fe López-Millán et al. 2001 Aust. J Plant Physiol 28:171

    Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Materials and Methods White Zone Yellow Zone -Fe Yellow Zone 24h Fe-resupply White Zone Yellow Zone 72h
  165. +Fe López-Millán et al. 2001 Aust. J Plant Physiol 28:171

    Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Materials and Methods White Zone 10 mm Yellow Zone -Fe 10 mm Yellow Zone 24h 10 mm Fe-resupply White Zone 10 mm 10 mm Yellow Zone 72h
  166. Metabolites GC-MS Metabolomics Oliver Fiehn Proteins 2D-Gels Ana Flor López

    Sofía Andaluz Jorge Rodríguez Flavins HPLC-PDA RFOs HPLC-ESI-TOFMS Materials and Methods Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics
  167. -Fe ↑ +Fe ↓ Protein changes and Identification 29 Increased

    13 Only in Fe-deficient 13 Decreased 6 only in Fe-sufficient Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120 Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion IEF pI 5-8 12% SDS-PAGE
  168. Spot Homology Species Increased proteins in Fe-deficiency a fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

    aldolase A. Thaliana b triose-phosphate isomerase C. japonica c cytosolic 3-phosphoglycerate kinase T. Aestivum d enolase M. crystallinum e enolase L. sativa f malate dehydrogenase B. vulgaris g malate dehydrogenase B. vulgaris h malate dehydrogenase N. tabacum i F1 ATPase α subunit B. vulgaris j F1 ATPase ß subunit S. bicolor k fructokinase B. vulgaris l formate dehydrogenase Q. robur m At1g79210/YUP8H12R_1 A. thaliana n glycine rich protein A. thaliana New spots in Fe-deficiency o glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate DH M. quinquepeta p DMRL synthase S. oleracea -Fe ↑ Increased and New Spots in Fe deficiency Glycolisis and TCA Cycle Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  169. Spot Homology Species Increased proteins in Fe-deficiency a fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

    aldolase A. Thaliana b triose-phosphate isomerase C. japonica c cytosolic 3-phosphoglycerate kinase T. Aestivum d enolase M. crystallinum e enolase L. sativa f malate dehydrogenase B. vulgaris g malate dehydrogenase B. vulgaris h malate dehydrogenase N. tabacum i F1 ATPase α subunit B. vulgaris j F1 ATPase ß subunit S. bicolor k fructokinase B. vulgaris l formate dehydrogenase Q. robur m At1g79210/YUP8H12R_1 A. thaliana n glycine rich protein A. thaliana New spots in Fe-deficiency o glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate DH M. quinquepeta p DMRL synthase S. oleracea -Fe ↑ Increased and New Spots in Fe deficiency Glycolisis and TCA Cycle Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  170. DMRL RNA, protein and flavin analysis RNA Protein Flavins Iron-deficient

    Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  171. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics

    Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  172. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios 328 metabolites were detected Iron-deficient Beta

    vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  173. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios 328 metabolites were detected 77 were

    identified Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  174. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios 328 metabolites were detected 77 were

    identified 66 changed (p <0.05) Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  175. metabolite + metabolite - galactinol 38.1 oxalic a. -16.6 citric

    a. 23.2 PGA -2 raffinose 18.2 myo-inositol 5.7 cellobiose 5.5 sucrose 5.4 aconitic a. 5.1 threonic a. 3.9 citrulline 3.9 glyceric a. 3.7 malic a. 3.7 -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios 328 metabolites were detected 77 were identified 66 changed (p <0.05) Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  176. metabolite + metabolite - galactinol 38.1 oxalic a. -16.6 citric

    a. 23.2 PGA -2 raffinose 18.2 myo-inositol 5.7 cellobiose 5.5 sucrose 5.4 aconitic a. 5.1 threonic a. 3.9 citrulline 3.9 glyceric a. 3.7 malic a. 3.7 -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios 328 metabolites were detected 77 were identified 66 changed (p <0.05) Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  177. metabolite + metabolite - galactinol 38.1 oxalic a. -16.6 citric

    a. 23.2 PGA -2 raffinose 18.2 myo-inositol 5.7 cellobiose 5.5 sucrose 5.4 aconitic a. 5.1 threonic a. 3.9 citrulline 3.9 glyceric a. 3.7 malic a. 3.7 -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios 328 metabolites were detected 77 were identified 66 changed (p <0.05) Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  178. Metabolite PLS Analysis 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30

    30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 v1 (35.3 %) v2 (20.1 %) +Fe -Fe Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  179. Metabolite PLS Analysis 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30

    30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 v1 (35.3 %) v2 (20.1 %) +Fe -Fe Metabolite Contribution (X-weights) to PLS vector 1 Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  180. Metabolite PLS Analysis 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30

    30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 v1 (35.3 %) v2 (20.1 %) +Fe -Fe metabolite + citric a. 0.21505 galactinol 0.200043 aconitic a. 0.195182 myo-inositol 0.194711 glyceric a. 0.194598 malate 0.193229 raffinose 0.191252 citrulline 0.190349 sucrose 0.181604 threonic a. 0.1773 Metabolite Contribution (X-weights) to PLS vector 1 Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  181. Metabolite PLS Analysis 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30

    30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 v1 (35.3 %) v2 (20.1 %) +Fe -Fe metabolite - oxalic a. -0.202023 PGA -0.12164 alanine -0.091395 glutamine -0.074066 fructose -0.071387 adenosine-5-P -0.070121 oxoproline -0.048596 mannitol -0.043351 inositol-P -0.041337 linoleic acid -0.037509 metabolite + citric a. 0.21505 galactinol 0.200043 aconitic a. 0.195182 myo-inositol 0.194711 glyceric a. 0.194598 malate 0.193229 raffinose 0.191252 citrulline 0.190349 sucrose 0.181604 threonic a. 0.1773 Metabolite Contribution (X-weights) to PLS vector 1 Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  182. Metabolite PLS Analysis 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30

    30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 v1 (35.3 %) v2 (20.1 %) +Fe -Fe metabolite - oxalic a. -0.202023 PGA -0.12164 alanine -0.091395 glutamine -0.074066 fructose -0.071387 adenosine-5-P -0.070121 oxoproline -0.048596 mannitol -0.043351 inositol-P -0.041337 linoleic acid -0.037509 metabolite + citric a. 0.21505 galactinol 0.200043 aconitic a. 0.195182 myo-inositol 0.194711 glyceric a. 0.194598 malate 0.193229 raffinose 0.191252 citrulline 0.190349 sucrose 0.181604 threonic a. 0.1773 Metabolite Contribution (X-weights) to PLS vector 1 TCA Cycle Carbohydrates AAs - N Metabolism Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  183. RFOs HPLC-ESI-MS Analysis Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results

    and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  184. sucrose + galactinol raffinose + myo-inositol raffinose + galactinol stachyose

    + myo-inositol stachyose + galactinol verbascose + myo-inositol RFOs HPLC-ESI-MS Analysis Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  185. sucrose + galactinol raffinose + myo-inositol raffinose + galactinol stachyose

    + myo-inositol stachyose + galactinol verbascose + myo-inositol RFOs HPLC-ESI-MS Analysis Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120 Intensity x104 time (min) 10.8 11.8 12.8 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 Sucrose +Fe Raffinose Galactinol Sucrose Raffinose Galactinol -Fe 10.9 11.812.8 8 10 12 14 16 6
  186. sucrose + galactinol raffinose + myo-inositol raffinose + galactinol stachyose

    + myo-inositol stachyose + galactinol verbascose + myo-inositol RFOs HPLC-ESI-MS Analysis % Sucrose of Raf + Gal 13.9 0.6 Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120 Intensity x104 time (min) 10.8 11.8 12.8 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 Sucrose +Fe Raffinose Galactinol Sucrose Raffinose Galactinol -Fe 10.9 11.812.8 8 10 12 14 16 6
  187. Pentose Phosphate Carbohydrate Metabolism AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis TCA

    Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 23 25 Others a b c d e k o m s v i j n q v f g h Metabolite Protei n Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120
  188. Pentose Phosphate Carbohydrate Metabolism AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis TCA

    Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 23 25 Others a b c d e k o m s v i j n q v f g h Metabolite Protei n Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120 Concluding Remarks
  189. Pentose Phosphate Carbohydrate Metabolism AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis TCA

    Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 23 25 Others a b c d e k o m s v i j n q v f g h -Increases in glycolysis and TCA cycle were found at the metabolite and protein level confirming previous results Metabolite Protei n Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120 Concluding Remarks
  190. Pentose Phosphate Carbohydrate Metabolism AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis TCA

    Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 23 25 Others a b c d e k o m s v i j n q v f g h -Increases in glycolysis and TCA cycle were found at the metabolite and protein level confirming previous results Metabolite Protei n -Two major findings, not previously described were found for: -Proteins: DMRL -Metabolites: RFOs Iron-deficient Beta vulgaris root tips metabolomics Rellán-Álvarez et al. 2010 BMC Plant Biol 10:120 Concluding Remarks
  191. 5. To characterize the changes induced in the metabolite profile

    of xylem sap and leaves of several plant species in response to Fe deficiency and resupply, using GC-MS Objective Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants +Fe -Fe
  192. Metabolites GC-MS Metabolomics Oliver Fiehn Metabolomics of xylem sap and

    leaves of Fe-deficient plants Materials and Methods
  193. +Fe -Fe Sugar beet Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves

    of Fe-deficient plants Materials and Methods
  194. +Fe -Fe Tomato Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of

    Fe-deficient plants Materials and Methods
  195. +Fe -Fe Lupinus Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of

    Fe-deficient plants Materials and Methods
  196. +Fe -Fe Peach Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of

    Fe-deficient plants Materials and Methods
  197. +Fe -Fe Peach Hamdi El-Jendoubi Monona Abadía Metabolomics of xylem

    sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Materials and Methods
  198. Tomato Sugar beet Lupin Peach Xylem Sap Leaves Xylem Sap

    Leaves Xylem Sap Leaves Xylem Sap Leaves X X X X X X 11:00 X 17:00 X 23: 00 X 05:00 X 11:00 X Fe Resupply Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Materials and Methods +Fe -Fe
  199. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios Tomato Lupine Peach Detected 233 233

    251 Identified 77 83 77 Changed 41 19 6 Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Xylem Sap + Tomato Lupine Peach oxoglutaric 91 aconitic. 2.6 NA 2.4 suberyl glycine 7.1 maleic 2.5 tryptophan 6.4 succinic 2.4 malic 6.2 citric 5.7 succinic 4.7 aconitic 2.8 asparagine 2.5
  200. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios Tomato Lupine Peach Detected 233 233

    251 Identified 77 83 77 Changed 41 19 6 Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Xylem Sap + Tomato Lupine Peach oxoglutaric 91 aconitic. 2.6 NA 2.4 suberyl glycine 7.1 maleic 2.5 tryptophan 6.4 succinic 2.4 malic 6.2 citric 5.7 succinic 4.7 aconitic 2.8 asparagine 2.5
  201. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios Tomato Lupine Peach Detected 233 233

    251 Identified 77 83 77 Changed 41 19 6 Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Xylem Sap + AA decreases - Tomato Lupine Peach oxoglutaric 91 aconitic. 2.6 NA 2.4 suberyl glycine 7.1 maleic 2.5 tryptophan 6.4 succinic 2.4 malic 6.2 citric 5.7 succinic 4.7 aconitic 2.8 asparagine 2.5
  202. 11:00 17:00 23:00 05:00 11:00 30 20 10 0 -10

    -20 -30 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 v1 v2 Fe ressupplied Tomato Xylem Sap PLS Analysis Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation
  203. 11:00 17:00 23:00 05:00 11:00 30 20 10 0 -10

    -20 -30 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 v1 v2 Fe ressupplied Tomato Xylem Sap PLS Analysis +Fe -Fe R-6 R-12 R-18 R-24 Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation
  204. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios Tomato S. beet Peach Detected 238

    128 375 Identified 65 82 92 Changed 21 34 4 Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Leaves + Tomato S. beet Peach threitol 6.5 glutamine 32.8 sub-glycine 5.9 tyrosine 4.2 serine 19.6 asparagine 4.3 ribonic 4.1 g-tocopherol 17.3 isoleucine 2 ethanolamine 3.8 citric 13.7 D-hexosamine 3.8 isoleucine 13.7 succinic 2.8 succinic 12.2 galactinol 2.5 valine 8.9 maleic 2.1 oxoproline 8
  205. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios Tomato S. beet Peach Detected 238

    128 375 Identified 65 82 92 Changed 21 34 4 Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Leaves + Tomato S. beet Peach threitol 6.5 glutamine 32.8 sub-glycine 5.9 tyrosine 4.2 serine 19.6 asparagine 4.3 ribonic 4.1 g-tocopherol 17.3 isoleucine 2 ethanolamine 3.8 citric 13.7 D-hexosamine 3.8 isoleucine 13.7 succinic 2.8 succinic 12.2 galactinol 2.5 valine 8.9 maleic 2.1 oxoproline 8
  206. -Fe/+Fe metabolite response ratios Tomato S. beet Peach Detected 238

    128 375 Identified 65 82 92 Changed 21 34 4 Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Leaves + Tomato S. beet Peach threitol 6.5 glutamine 32.8 sub-glycine 5.9 tyrosine 4.2 serine 19.6 asparagine 4.3 ribonic 4.1 g-tocopherol 17.3 isoleucine 2 ethanolamine 3.8 citric 13.7 D-hexosamine 3.8 isoleucine 13.7 succinic 2.8 succinic 12.2 galactinol 2.5 valine 8.9 maleic 2.1 oxoproline 8
  207. Beta vulgaris. +Fe -Fe 30 20 10 0 -10 -20

    -30 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 v1 (32.8%) v2 (8.6%) metabolite + succinic a. 0.175703 lactobionic a. 0.172614 xylitol 0.172469 oxoproline 0.166707 serine 0.165424 alpha tocopherol 0.165124 citric a. 0.164217 threonine 0.16214 N-acetyl-D-hexosamine 0.158702 N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 0.156364 metabolite - phytol -0.167686 oxalic a. -0.146914 PGA -0.138575 fructose-6-P -0.125472 beta-sitosterol -0.099845 glucose-6-P -0.0984 mannitol -0.090316 putrescine -0.061401 aspartate -0.057571 ribonic a. -0.0432 Metabolite Contribution (X-weights) to PLS vector 1 Beta vulgaris PLS Analysis Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation
  208. Beta vulgaris. +Fe -Fe 30 20 10 0 -10 -20

    -30 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 v1 (32.8%) v2 (8.6%) metabolite + succinic a. 0.175703 lactobionic a. 0.172614 xylitol 0.172469 oxoproline 0.166707 serine 0.165424 alpha tocopherol 0.165124 citric a. 0.164217 threonine 0.16214 N-acetyl-D-hexosamine 0.158702 N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 0.156364 metabolite - phytol -0.167686 oxalic a. -0.146914 PGA -0.138575 fructose-6-P -0.125472 beta-sitosterol -0.099845 glucose-6-P -0.0984 mannitol -0.090316 putrescine -0.061401 aspartate -0.057571 ribonic a. -0.0432 Metabolite Contribution (X-weights) to PLS vector 1 TCA Cycle AAs - N Metab Glycolisis P-P Carbohydrates Beta vulgaris PLS Analysis Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Results and Discussion Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation
  209. PEPC TCA cycle Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap

    and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Other Anaplerotic Reactions Occurring in Leaves?
  210. PEPC TCA cycle Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap

    and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Other Anaplerotic Reactions Occurring in Leaves? Asparagine Aspartate Tyrosine Glutamine Glutamate
  211. Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of

    Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Other Anaplerotic Reactions Occurring in Leaves?
  212. Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of

    Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Other Anaplerotic Reactions Occurring in Leaves?
  213. Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of

    Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Other Anaplerotic Reactions Occurring in Leaves?
  214. Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of

    Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Other Anaplerotic Reactions Occurring in Leaves?
  215. Results and Discussion Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of

    Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Other Anaplerotic Reactions Occurring in Leaves?
  216. Glycolysis TCA Cycle Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Pentose-P TCA

    Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis Pentose-P Xylem Sap Leaves Concluding Remarks Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation
  217. Glycolysis TCA Cycle Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Pentose-P TCA

    Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis Pentose-P Xylem Sap Leaves Concluding Remarks Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation Concluding Remarks
  218. Glycolysis TCA Cycle Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Pentose-P TCA

    Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis Pentose-P Xylem Sap Leaves Concluding Remarks Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation -Increases in TCA cycle metabolites and AAs Concluding Remarks
  219. Glycolysis TCA Cycle Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Pentose-P TCA

    Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis Pentose-P Xylem Sap Leaves Concluding Remarks Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation -Increases in TCA cycle metabolites and AAs -Anaplerotic reactions using AAs as C source might be occurring in sugar beet leaves Concluding Remarks
  220. Glycolysis TCA Cycle Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Pentose-P TCA

    Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis Pentose-P Xylem Sap Leaves Concluding Remarks Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants -Increases in TCA cycle Metabolites Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation -Increases in TCA cycle metabolites and AAs -Anaplerotic reactions using AAs as C source might be occurring in sugar beet leaves Concluding Remarks
  221. Glycolysis TCA Cycle Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Pentose-P TCA

    Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis Pentose-P Xylem Sap Leaves Concluding Remarks Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants -Increases in TCA cycle Metabolites Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation -Decreases in AAs and carbohydrates -Increases in TCA cycle metabolites and AAs -Anaplerotic reactions using AAs as C source might be occurring in sugar beet leaves Concluding Remarks
  222. Glycolysis TCA Cycle Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Pentose-P TCA

    Carbohydrates AAs and N Metabolism Glycolysis Pentose-P Xylem Sap Leaves Concluding Remarks Metabolomics of xylem sap and leaves of Fe-deficient plants -Increases in TCA cycle Metabolites Rellán-Álvarez et al. In Preparation -Decreases in AAs and carbohydrates -Increases in TCA cycle metabolites and AAs -Very rapid changes in tomato xylem sap metabolites after Fe Resupply -Anaplerotic reactions using AAs as C source might be occurring in sugar beet leaves Concluding Remarks
  223. Flavins Glycolysis TCA cycle PEPC DMRL and flavins Confirmed by

    Metabolomics/ Proteomics RFOs Summary Previously on Fe deficiency This PhD
  224. Flavins Glycolysis TCA cycle PEPC DMRL and flavins Confirmed by

    Metabolomics/ Proteomics RFOs Summary Previously on Fe deficiency This PhD
  225. Flavins Glycolysis TCA cycle PEPC DMRL and flavins Confirmed by

    Metabolomics/ Proteomics RFOs Carboxylates C transport Fe transport Fe is transported as Fe3OCit3 in tomato xylem sap C transport by Metabol NA might chelate Fe depending on pH N transport is reduced Summary Previously on Fe deficiency This PhD
  226. Flavins Glycolysis TCA cycle PEPC DMRL and flavins Confirmed by

    Metabolomics/ Proteomics RFOs Carboxylates C transport Fe transport Fe is transported as Fe3OCit3 in tomato xylem sap C transport by Metabol NA might chelate Fe depending on pH N transport is reduced C Fixation Carboxylates Free Aminoacids Large increases in Free Aminoacids Carboxylates Other Anaplerotic reactions might be ocurring in order to provide more C Summary Previously on Fe deficiency This PhD
  227. Conclusions 1. Complexes of nicotianamine (NA) with Fe(II) and Fe(III)

    can be determined using electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI- TOFMS).
  228. Conclusions 1. Complexes of nicotianamine (NA) with Fe(II) and Fe(III)

    can be determined using electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI- TOFMS). 2. Changes in pH and the concentrations of citrate and metals can have significant effects in NA speciation in plant fluids.
  229. Conclusions 1. Complexes of nicotianamine (NA) with Fe(II) and Fe(III)

    can be determined using electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI- TOFMS). 2. Changes in pH and the concentrations of citrate and metals can have significant effects in NA speciation in plant fluids. 3. Nicotianamine is a candidate for chelating Fe at the pH usually found in the phloem sap, whereas NA is not likely to be involved in xylem Fe transport, conversely to what occurs with other metals such as Cu and Ni.
  230. Conclusions 1. Complexes of nicotianamine (NA) with Fe(II) and Fe(III)

    can be determined using electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI- TOFMS). 2. Changes in pH and the concentrations of citrate and metals can have significant effects in NA speciation in plant fluids. 3. Nicotianamine is a candidate for chelating Fe at the pH usually found in the phloem sap, whereas NA is not likely to be involved in xylem Fe transport, conversely to what occurs with other metals such as Cu and Ni. 4. An oxo-bridged tri-Fe(III), tri-citrate complex (Fe3OCit3) has been found in the xylem sap of Fe-deficient Solanum lycopersicum Mill. plants resupplied with Fe, by using an integrated mass spectrometry approach.
  231. Conclusions 5. High Fe-to-citrate ratios favour the formation of Fe-citrate

    polymeric forms and low ratios (such as those found in Fe deficiency) favour dimeric or monomeric species.
  232. Conclusions 5. High Fe-to-citrate ratios favour the formation of Fe-citrate

    polymeric forms and low ratios (such as those found in Fe deficiency) favour dimeric or monomeric species. 6. An HPLC-ESI-TOFMS method has been developed to determine organic acids in different plant tissues (xylem sap, leaves and fruit juice) with high selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility.
  233. Conclusions 5. High Fe-to-citrate ratios favour the formation of Fe-citrate

    polymeric forms and low ratios (such as those found in Fe deficiency) favour dimeric or monomeric species. 6. An HPLC-ESI-TOFMS method has been developed to determine organic acids in different plant tissues (xylem sap, leaves and fruit juice) with high selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility. 7. Major increases in the raffinose family of oligosaccharide (RFOs) are elicited by Fe deficiency and resupply in root tips of Beta vulgaris plants.
  234. Conclusions 5. High Fe-to-citrate ratios favour the formation of Fe-citrate

    polymeric forms and low ratios (such as those found in Fe deficiency) favour dimeric or monomeric species. 6. An HPLC-ESI-TOFMS method has been developed to determine organic acids in different plant tissues (xylem sap, leaves and fruit juice) with high selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility. 8. Increases in proteins and metabolites related to carbohydrate, TCA cycle and flavin synthesis have been confirmed to occur in roots of Beta vulgaris plants grown under Fe deficiency. 7. Major increases in the raffinose family of oligosaccharide (RFOs) are elicited by Fe deficiency and resupply in root tips of Beta vulgaris plants.
  235. Conclusions 9. The major changes in the metabolite profile of

    xylem sap from Solanum lycopersicum and Lupinus albus in response to Fe deficiency are an increase in TCA cycle metabolites and a decrease in aminoacids and carbohydrates.
  236. Conclusions 9. The major changes in the metabolite profile of

    xylem sap from Solanum lycopersicum and Lupinus albus in response to Fe deficiency are an increase in TCA cycle metabolites and a decrease in aminoacids and carbohydrates. 10. The xylem sap metabolite profile of Fe-deficient Solanum lycopersicum plants becomes similar to that of Fe-sufficient controls one day after Fe resupply.
  237. Conclusions 9. The major changes in the metabolite profile of

    xylem sap from Solanum lycopersicum and Lupinus albus in response to Fe deficiency are an increase in TCA cycle metabolites and a decrease in aminoacids and carbohydrates. 10. The xylem sap metabolite profile of Fe-deficient Solanum lycopersicum plants becomes similar to that of Fe-sufficient controls one day after Fe resupply. 11. The main changes in the metabolite profile of leaves from Solanum lycopersicum and Beta vulgaris in response to Fe deficiency are increases in TCA cycle metabolites, aminoacids and carbohydrates.
  238. Conclusions 9. The major changes in the metabolite profile of

    xylem sap from Solanum lycopersicum and Lupinus albus in response to Fe deficiency are an increase in TCA cycle metabolites and a decrease in aminoacids and carbohydrates. 10. The xylem sap metabolite profile of Fe-deficient Solanum lycopersicum plants becomes similar to that of Fe-sufficient controls one day after Fe resupply. 11. The main changes in the metabolite profile of leaves from Solanum lycopersicum and Beta vulgaris in response to Fe deficiency are increases in TCA cycle metabolites, aminoacids and carbohydrates. 12. High correlations between aminoacids and TCA cycle metabolites levels suggest that some anaplerotic reactions using aminoacids as a C source may occur in Beta vulgaris leaves in response to Fe deficiency.
  239. Fe status Fe in solution (µM) pH Fe (µM) Cit

    (µM) Fe:Cit Fe3Cit3 (%) Fe2Cit2 (%) +Fe 45 5.8 19.9 11.6 1:0.6 bld bld -Fe 0 + HCO3 - 5.8 5.4 165 1:31 bld bld Fe- resupplied 0 + HCO3 - + 45 5.5 121 172.2 1:1.4 71 bld Problems and Future Research Results and Discussion -Rellán-Álvarez et al. (2010) Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  240. Fe status Fe in solution (µM) pH Fe (µM) Cit

    (µM) Fe:Cit Fe3Cit3 (%) Fe2Cit2 (%) +Fe 45 5.8 19.9 11.6 1:0.6 bld bld -Fe 0 + HCO3 - 5.8 5.4 165 1:31 bld bld Fe- resupplied 0 + HCO3 - + 45 5.5 121 172.2 1:1.4 71 bld Only 25% of total Fe eluted from column: Fe3Cit3 represents 16% of total Fe Problems and Future Research Results and Discussion -Rellán-Álvarez et al. (2010) Plant Cell Physiol 51: 91
  241. Clinically observed range: Oligomeric Iron 1:0 1:2 1:3 1:5 1:10

    1:100 1:1,000 Iron-Citrate Ratio Polymeric Iron Dimeric Iron Monomeric Iron Iron(III) Citrate speciation at pH 7.4 1:10,000 1:1 citrate speciation as a function of iron-to-citrate ratio ution at pH 7.4. The proposed speciation is derived wn chemistry of iron citrate complexes and the on citrate solutions of various iron-to-citrate ratios to chelator access and ultrafiltration described he indicates the expected iron-to-citrate ratio range in where the NTBI concentration ranges from 1 to 10 present at 100 lM em (2008) 13:57–74 Evans, JBIC, 2008 Fe:Cit ratios drive the formation of Fe-Cit species…. also in humans
  242. Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Beta vulgaris xylem sap high

    concentrations of citrate (mM) Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  243. Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Larbi et al. (2009) J

    Plant Physiol Beta vulgaris xylem sap high concentrations of citrate (mM) Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  244. Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Larbi et al. (2009) J

    Plant Physiol Beta vulgaris xylem sap high concentrations of citrate (mM) Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  245. Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Larbi et al. (2009) J

    Plant Physiol Fe increase after resupply Beta vulgaris xylem sap high concentrations of citrate (mM) Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  246. Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Larbi et al. (2009) J

    Plant Physiol Fe increase after resupply Beta vulgaris xylem sap high concentrations of citrate (mM) Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  247. Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Larbi et al. (2009) J

    Plant Physiol decrease in the Cit:Fe ratio after resupply Fe increase after resupply Beta vulgaris xylem sap high concentrations of citrate (mM) Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  248. Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Larbi et al. (2009) J

    Plant Physiol decrease in the Cit:Fe ratio after resupply Fe increase after resupply Beta vulgaris xylem sap high concentrations of citrate (mM) Fe-citrate complexes Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  249. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris Reduction by leaf

    mesophyll Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  250. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris Reduction by leaf

    mesophyll Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  251. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris Reduction by leaf

    mesophyll - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  252. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  253. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  254. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  255. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM good reduction with Fe-citrate - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  256. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM good reduction with Fe-citrate - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  257. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM good reduction with Fe-citrate - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  258. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM good reduction with Fe-citrate - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA low Km values Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  259. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM good reduction with Fe-citrate - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA low Km values Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  260. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM good reduction with Fe-citrate - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA low Km values FCR decrease in -Fe on a surface basis Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  261. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM good reduction with Fe-citrate - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA low Km values FCR decrease in -Fe on a surface basis Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  262. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM good reduction with Fe-citrate - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA low Km values FCR decrease in -Fe on a surface basis FCR increase in -Fe on a Chl basis Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  263. Fe long distance transport protoplasts Beta vulgaris FRO Fe(II) Reduction

    by leaf mesophyll BPDS Fe(II)-BPDS Vázquez, Rellán-Álvarez, unpublished Fe(III)2 -Cit2 Fe(III)3 -Cit3 Fe(III)-EDTA 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 nmol µm-2 s-1 (x10-12 ) µM good reduction with Fe-citrate - Fe(III)3 -Cit3 -2 Fe(III)2 -Cit2 -2,-1 Fe(III)-EDTA low Km values FCR decrease in -Fe on a surface basis FCR increase in -Fe on a Chl basis not too specific? Fe(II)-NA Fe(III)-Cit Fe(III)-NA Fe species Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  264. Evidence for Fe immobilization in leaves Fe long distance transport

    Beta vulgaris Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  265. Vázquez, unpublished Evidence for Fe immobilization in leaves Fe long

    distance transport Beta vulgaris Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  266. Vázquez, unpublished Evidence for Fe immobilization in leaves Fe long

    distance transport Beta vulgaris Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  267. Vázquez, unpublished Evidence for Fe immobilization in leaves Fe long

    distance transport Beta vulgaris accumulation in vessels Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  268. Curie et al. Ann Bot (2009) Mutants Chlorosis young leaves,

    disappears with age (phloem fed) Overexpression NAAT in tobaco mimics Chln, Fe accumulated in veins (Takahashi 03) Protoplasts Chln =FCR, +Fe uptake, = with exogenous NA (Pich and Scholz, 1991) In root Chln tips, NA in vacuole, cytosol (Pich et al. 1997) In controls NA in vacuole in excess Fe (Pich et al. 1991) In dgl and brz NA in vacuole, 10x NA In Chln Fe in chloroplast stroma and phloem. P depositions? In root cells cytosol and vacuole (Becker et al., 1995) YSLs (OPT) 4 subfamilies. 18 YSL in rice, 8 Arabidopsis (Curie et al. 2001), 3 Thlaspi ZmYSL1 and HvYS1 (and OsYSL15) upregulated in root with -Fe (Curie et al 2001, Roberts et al 2004, Koike at el. 2004, Murata et al 2006) Domain swapping in HvYS1: specificity between loops 6 and 7 (Harada et al. 2007) AtYSL1-8 and TcYSL3,5,7 OsYSL except2 not regulated by Fe (DiDonato et al. 2004, LeJean et al. 2005, Schaaf et al. 2005, Waters 2006) OsYSL2 upregulated in leaves -Fe (Koike et al. 2004) AtYSL2 downregulated by -Zn and +Cu (Schaaf et al. 2005) YSLs Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  269. Curie et al. Ann Bot (2009) HvYS1 (and OsYSL15) in

    PM of root epidermal cells by anti- and transient GFP (Murata et al. 2006) OsYSL2,13,14 in aereal parts (Koike et al. 2004, Murata et al. 2006, Nishizawa et al. 2006). OsYSL2 in phloem companion cells (??) ZmYSL1 also in aereal parts, perhaps transporting Fe-NA or Fe(III)-PS (Curie et al. 2001) Localization ZmYSL1 and HvYS1 (and OsYSL15) in root epidermis (Curie et al 2001, Roberts et al 2004, Koike at el. 2004, Murata et al 2006) Other YSLs in vascular tissues, pollen grains and seeds. AtYSL1, AtYSL3 in senescent leaves (5/8 AtYSLs microarrays). AtYSL2 in lateral PM of pericycle (xylem parenchima) cells, suggesting loading/unloading of root vessels (DiDonato et al. 2004) TcYSL3,5 in PM (Gendre et al. 2007) AtYSL4,6 in tonoplast, suggesting influx from vacuole or efflux to neutral vacuoles (Jaquinod et al. 2007) (OsYSL5,6?) AtYSL1 in pollen of flower buds and vascular tissue of the anther (LeJean et al. 2005). AtYSL3 in pollen of open flowers (Waters et al. 2006). ysl1ysl3 plants little pollen bur normal Fe as ysl1 (Waters et al. 2006). ysl5ysl7 few pollen grains, female gametophyte also affected (Curie et al., 2009) AtYSL2,5,6,7 expression enhanced in stamen (https://www.geneinvestigator.ethz.ch). AtYSL1 in seed chalazal endosperm, silique vascular tissue, peduncle of the silique (Curie et al. 2001) OsYSL2 strong promoter activity developing seeds (Koike et al. 2004) AtYSL1 in xylem parenchima (Waters et al. 2006?) TcYSL3, AtYSL3,5 phloem/xylem (Curie et al. 2009) Abadía J. et al. ISINIP Budapest 2010
  270. Curie et al. Ann Bot (2009) ZmYSL1 transports (in oocytes)

    Fe(III)-PS 5-10 µM Km, H+ co-transport, membrane potential. Also Fe(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Cd(II) (Schaaf et al 2004). Also trasports Fe(II)-NA and Ni(II)-NA, does not transport DMA alone HvYS1 transports (in oocytes) only Fe(III)-PS (Murata et al. 2006) ZmYS1 complements fet3fet4 with Fe(III)-DMA, Fe(III)-NA and Fe(II)-NA, not Fe(III)-Cit (Curie et al. 2001, Schaaf et al. 2004) HvYS1 and OsYSL15 complement fet3fet4 with Fe(III)-DMA (Murata et al. 2006, Nishizawa et al. 2006) TcYSL3 complements fet3fet4 with Fe(II)-NA and Ni(II)-NA (Gendre et al. 2007) AtYSL1 does not complement fet3fet4 with any Fe source (Le Jean 2005). The same for other AtYSLs (Curie et al. 2009) AtYSL2 complements fet3fet4 with Fe(II)-NA (DiDonato et al. 2004), results not confirmed in Schaaf et al. (2005) AtYSL2 and ZmYSL1 coexpression in fet3fet4: no efflux of Ni (Schaaf et al. 2005) AtYSLs does not complement ztr1zrt2 or ctr1 (Curie et al. 2009) Expression in yeast Expression in oocites OsYSL2 transports (in oocytes) Fe(II)-NA and Mn(II)-NA (Koike et al. 2004) AtYSL2 does not transport Fe(II)-NA, Fe(III)-NA and Ni(II)-NA (Schaaf et al. 2005)
  271. Flavin functions cently characterized in Arabidopsis (Robinson et al., 1999).

    The white parts of the iron-deficient roots, which do not contain flavin sulfates and do not have in- creased Fe(III)-reducing activities, had large pools of organic anions, similar to those of the yellow distal root parts. However, the respiration rates of these root zones were similar to the controls and increases Figure 5. Proposed electron transport pathways in iron-deficient sugar beet roots. Reduced pyridine nucleotides would reduce flavins (Flv), which are oxidized and in large amounts in the cytosol (up to 700 ␮M). Flavins would finally provide electrons to the FC-R enzyme of the PM. This enzyme would be able to reduce not only Fe(III)- chelates, but also oxygen when Fe(III)-chelates are absent. Plant Physiol. Vol. 124, 2000 Redox Bridge and are thus more difficult to detect (Figure S1 and (Hagerha ¨ll et al. 1995)). The long expression times used in our study (compare Figure S1, 16 h and Figure S2, 4 days), necessary to express the plant polypeptides in E. coli, most probably contributed to an even more pronounced degradation of both folded and misfolded protein, resulting in multiple bands on the gel. Similar difficulties were encountered when determining the transmembrane topology of a potassium channel from A. thaliana with the PhoA fusion protein technique (Uozumi et al. 1998). Thus, as a control experiment to rule out false negatives caused by poor expression levels rather than production of inactive fusion protein, we also expressed the fusion-proteins from the same plasmid constructs in E. coli Rosetta-Gami (DE3), which lacks a chromosomally encoded PhoA, but contains muta- tions in thioredoxin reductase that enables disulfide bond formation in the cytoplasm. In this case the oxi- dizing environment caused by the trxB/gor mutations will result in production of a properly folded, active PhoA enzyme also on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Fusion proteins FP2, FP6, FP7, FP9, FP10 and FP12 exhibit a PhoA activity of 5 units or less when expressed in E. coli CC118 and were subse- quently assigned as inactive/located on the inside. The Based on these data, a new topology model of FRO2 could be constructed (Fig. 2). The model contains a total of 8 transmembrane helices and a large water soluble domain, which is located on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The high activity of FP3 and FP4 clearly support an outside location of helix IV, whereas both FP6 and FP7, which flank helix VI, predicted to be Fig. 2 Topology model of FRO2 based on the results from the PhoA fusion protein analysis. Arrows indicate the locations of the different fusion points. The position of the C-terminus could not be determined experimentally, but the most probable location is inside 123 López-Millán et al. 2000 Plant Phys 124: 885 Schagerlöf et al. 2006 Plant Mol Biol 62: 115 Excretion induced by bHLH TFs
  272. Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs showing the root distal segments

    of iron-deficient plants 5 to 10 mm from the apex (A), 0 to 5 mm from the apex (B), and iron-sufficient sugar beet plants 5 to 10 mm from the apex (C), and 0 to 5 mm from the apex (D). Plant Physiol. Vol. 12 Fe-sufficient Root Tips López-Millán et al. 2001 Aust. J Plant Physiol 28:171
  273. RFOs can protect plants from oxidative damage 50 µM MV

    treatment KD-GolS2, and KD-GolS3 mutants were isolated and characterized. There was no significant difference in the expression of GolS genes between the wild type and the KO-GolS1, KD-GolS2, and KD-GolS3 mutants under growth or stressful conditions (Supplemental Fig. S2). However, the reduced expression of GolS1, -2, or -3 had no effect on the levels of galactinol and raffinose and the total activities of GolS under stressful conditions (Supplemental Fig. S3). Accordingly, it is likely that the double or triple knockout GolS plants might be necessary to produce the mutants with reduced levels of galactinol and/or raffinose. We assessed the stress tolerance of GolS1- or GolS2- Ox-GolS2-8, and O wild-type plants un (Fig. 7C). These incre of AsA and GSH in t Ox-GolS2-29 plants u (Fig. 8). At 6 h after MV conditions (100 mE developed visible lea did not (Fig. 9A). Al wild-type, Ox-GolS1- plants decreased sig ment under control Effects of the stress on PSII activity in wild-type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2- 8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants. The PSII activity (Fv /Fm ) in the rosette leaves of Arabidopsis plants was determined at 25°C after adaptation to the dark for 30 min. C, CO2 fixation in wild- type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants. D, Lipid peroxidation expressed as MDA con- tent in wild-type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox- GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants. Mean 6 SD values from three exper- iments are shown. Asterisks indicate that the values are significantly dif- ferent from those in the wild-type plants (P , 0.05). under control growth conditions on phenotype, PSII activity, CO2 fixa- tion, and lipid hydroperoxide levels in the leaves of wild-type, Ox- GolS1, and Ox-GolS2 plants. Four- week-old wild-type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants grown in soil under control growth conditions were sprayed with MV (50 mM) in 0.1% Tween 20 (5 mL) and then transferred to control growth conditions (100 mE m22 s21) for 6 h. A, Phenotypes of plants exposed to oxidative stress. B, Effects of the stress on PSII activity in wild-type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2- 8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants. The PSII activity (Fv /Fm ) in the rosette leaves of Arabidopsis plants was determined at 25°C after adaptation to the dark for 30 min. C, CO2 fixation in wild- type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants. D, Lipid peroxidation expressed as MDA con- tent in wild-type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox- GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants. Mean 6 SD values from three exper- iments are shown. Asterisks indicate that the values are significantly dif- ferent from those in the wild-type plants (P , 0.05). Figure 9. Effects of MV treatment under control growth conditions on phenotype, PSII activity, CO2 fixa- tion, and lipid hydroperoxide levels in the leaves of wild-type, Ox- GolS1, and Ox-GolS2 plants. Four- week-old wild-type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants grown in soil under control growth conditions were sprayed with MV (50 mM) in 0.1% Tween 20 (5 mL) and then transferred to control growth conditions (100 mE m22 s21) for 6 h. A, Phenotypes of plants exposed to oxidative stress. B, Effects of the stress on PSII activity in wild-type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2- 8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants. The PSII activity (Fv /Fm ) in the rosette leaves of Arabidopsis plants was determined at 25°C after adaptation to the dark for 30 min. C, CO2 fixation in wild- type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants. D, Lipid peroxidation expressed as MDA con- tent in wild-type, Ox-GolS1-11, Ox- GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29 plants. Mean 6 SD values from three exper- iments are shown. Asterisks indicate that the values are significantly dif- ferent from those in the wild-type plants (P , 0.05). Lines Overexpressing Galactinol Synthase
  274. root Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et

    al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Root Uptake
  275. root Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et

    al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Fe(III)-X AtFRO H+ AHA2 Fe(II) AtIRT1 Fe(II) Fe(III)-X Phe, OA, Flv PDR9 Phenolics PEZ Reduction Root Uptake
  276. root Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et

    al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Fe(III)-X AtFRO H+ AHA2 Fe(II) AtIRT1 Fe(II) Fe(III)-X Phe, OA, Flv PDR9 Phenolics PEZ Fe(III)-Phx AtYSL3 Fe(III)-Phx Fe(III)-PS OsYSL15 Fe(III)-PS PS TOM Fe(III)-PS HvYS1 Fe(III)-PS Reduction Chelation Root Uptake
  277. root Fe-NA ? Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport

    Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Fe-NA Fe(III)-X AtFRO H+ AHA2 Fe(II) AtIRT1 Fe(II) Fe(III)-X Phe, OA, Flv PDR9 Phenolics PEZ Fe(III)-Phx AtYSL3 Fe(III)-Phx Fe(III)-PS OsYSL15 Fe(III)-PS PS TOM Fe(III)-PS HvYS1 Fe(III)-PS Reduction Chelation Root Uptake
  278. xylem root Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía

    et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Fe-NA Transport Xylem Loading Phenolics PEZ
  279. xylem root Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía

    et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Fe-NA Fe-NA AtYSL3 Fe-NA Citrate OsFRDL1 Citrate AtFRD3 AtIREG1 Fe Fe Transport Xylem Loading Phenolics PEZ
  280. xylem root Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía

    et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Fe-NA Fe-Cit ? Fe-NA AtYSL3 Fe-NA Citrate OsFRDL1 Citrate AtFRD3 AtIREG1 Fe Fe Transport Xylem Loading Phenolics PEZ
  281. Fe-Cit ? leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport

    Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Introduction Xylem Unloading
  282. Fe-Cit ? xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll

    cell leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez Introduction Xylem Unloading
  283. Fe-Cit ? xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll

    cell leaf Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez Introduction Bottleneck Xylem Unloading
  284. Fe-Cit ? xylem vessel xylem parenchima cell apoplastic space mesophyll

    cell ZIP8 leaf hν Plant Fe uptake and long distance transport Abadía et al, 2011 Plant Physiol Biochem, In Press Curie et al, 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1 Palmer & Guerinot 2009 Nat Chem Biol 5: 333 Picture by Saúl Vazquez Introduction Fe(III)-X AtFRO Fe(II) IRT Fe(II) YSL2 Bottleneck Xylem Unloading