Lecture 2: CSCI E-1 Spring 2013

Transcript

1. Computer Science E-1 Lecture 2: Hardware

2. From last time...

3. Pre-requisites

4. Pre-requisites

5. Math

6. Math

7. None

8. CPU RAM Hard Drive

9. CPU

10. None
11. None
12. None
13. None

14. Instruction Set

15. Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM

16. Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM • arithmetic:

    add two numbers

17. Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM • arithmetic:

    add two numbers • control flow: where do we go next?

18. Pipeline

19. None

20. Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction

21. Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine

    which instruction was fetched

22. Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine

    which instruction was fetched • execute: run the instruction

23. Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine

    which instruction was fetched • execute: run the instruction • writeback: store the result (if necessary)

24. Fetch 0000001001010011

25. Decode 0000001001010011 Add 5 3

26. Decode Add 5 + 3

27. Execute 5 + 3 = 8

28. Writeback

29. None

30. Parallelism

31. None
32. None

33. Superscalar

34. Multi-core

35. Counting Candy

36. 1. Start with a total of 0 2. For each

    piece in the pile, add 1 to total 3. Remember that piece was counted

37. 1. Find 4 friends 2. Divide candy among friends 3.

    Friends count at same time

38. Four times as fast!

39. Four times as fast!

40. 1. Find 4 friends 2. Divide candy among friends 3.

    Friends count at same time 4. Add up friends’ totals

41. More friends!

42. Not faster :(

43. 1. Pair up, add totals together 2. One friend goes

    home, other remembers total 3. Repeat until counted

44. Much faster!

45. CPU Performance

46. None

47. “Megahertz Myth”

48. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=PKF9GOE2q38

49. CPU RAM Hard Drive

50. Memory

51. Byte B 8 bits Kilobyte KB 1000 bytes Megabyte MB

    1000000 bytes (1000 KB) Gigabyte GB 1000000000 bytes (1000 MB) Terabyte TB 1000000000000 bytes (1000 GB)

52. Byte B Kilobyte KB Megabyte MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB

53. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Megabyte MB Gigabyte

    GB Terabyte TB

54. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte

    MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB

55. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte

    MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB

56. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte

    MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Movie Terabyte TB

57. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte

    MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Movie Terabyte TB 250,000 songs

58. Registers

59. RAM

60. None
61. None
62. None
63. None

64. 00000000000000000000010100111001 101 102 103 104

65. Big-Endian

66. 00111001000001010000000000000000 104 103 102 101

67. Little-Endian

68. Cache

69. None

70. CPU RAM Hard Drive

71. Hard Disk Drive

72. None
73. None
74. None

75. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=kdmLvl1n82U

76. Filesystems

77. HDD Performance • seek time: position platters and read-write head

    • data rate: transfer data to motherboard
78. None

79. Solid State Drive

80. None

81. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=j84eEjP-RL4

82. Flash Memory

83. Virtual Memory

84. None
85. None

86. Capacity

87. L1 cache 64 kilobytes L2 cache 8 megabytes 1 MB

    from RAM 4 gigabytes 1 MB from SSD 256 gigabytes 1 MB from HDD 1 terabyte

88. Performance

89. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 1 MB

    from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

90. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

91. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

92. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

93. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 week 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

94. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 week 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds 4.5 months

95. Shopping!

96. Factors to Consider • display • weight • resolution •

    CPU cores • CPU cache size • RAM size • storage capacity • HDD / SSD • peripherals • keyboard

97. Summary

98. CPU • instruction set • pipeline • parallelism • superscalar

    • multi-core • clock speed • Moore’s Law • Megahertz Myth

99. Memory • byte, kilobyte, megabyte • registers • RAM •

    addressing • big-endian, little-endian • caching • L1 cache, L2 cache, L3 cache • hard disk drive • platters, tracks, sectors • read-write heads • file allocation table • seek time, data rate • solid state drive • flash memory

100. Computer Science E-1 Lecture 2: Hardware