Lecture 2: CSCI E-1 Spring 2013

Transcript

1. 1.

   Computer Science E-1 Lecture 2: Hardware

2. 2.

   From last time...

3. 3.

   Pre-requisites

4. 4.

   Pre-requisites

5. 5.

   Math

6. 6.

   Math

7. 7.

   None
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   CPU RAM Hard Drive

9. 9.

   CPU

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    None
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    None
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    None
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    None
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    Instruction Set

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    Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM

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    Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM • arithmetic:

    add two numbers
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    Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM • arithmetic:

    add two numbers • control flow: where do we go next?
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    Pipeline

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    None
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    Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction

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    Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine

    which instruction was fetched
22. 22.

    Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine

    which instruction was fetched • execute: run the instruction
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    Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine

    which instruction was fetched • execute: run the instruction • writeback: store the result (if necessary)
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    Fetch 0000001001010011

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    Decode 0000001001010011 Add 5 3

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    Decode Add 5 + 3

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    Execute 5 + 3 = 8

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    Writeback

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    None
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    Parallelism

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    None
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    None
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    Superscalar

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    Multi-core

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    Counting Candy

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    1. Start with a total of 0 2. For each

    piece in the pile, add 1 to total 3. Remember that piece was counted
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    1. Find 4 friends 2. Divide candy among friends 3.

    Friends count at same time
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    Four times as fast!

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    Four times as fast!

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    1. Find 4 friends 2. Divide candy among friends 3.

    Friends count at same time 4. Add up friends’ totals
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    More friends!

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    Not faster :(

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    1. Pair up, add totals together 2. One friend goes

    home, other remembers total 3. Repeat until counted
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    Much faster!

45. 45.

    CPU Performance

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    None
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    “Megahertz Myth”

48. 48.

    http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=PKF9GOE2q38

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    CPU RAM Hard Drive

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    Memory

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    Byte B 8 bits Kilobyte KB 1000 bytes Megabyte MB

    1000000 bytes (1000 KB) Gigabyte GB 1000000000 bytes (1000 MB) Terabyte TB 1000000000000 bytes (1000 GB)
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    Byte B Kilobyte KB Megabyte MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB

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    Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Megabyte MB Gigabyte

    GB Terabyte TB
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    Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte

    MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB
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    Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte

    MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB
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    Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte

    MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Movie Terabyte TB
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    Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte

    MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Movie Terabyte TB 250,000 songs
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    Registers

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    RAM

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    None
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    None
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    None
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    None
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    00000000000000000000010100111001 101 102 103 104

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    Big-Endian

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    00111001000001010000000000000000 104 103 102 101

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    Little-Endian

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    Cache

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    None
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    CPU RAM Hard Drive

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    Hard Disk Drive

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    None
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    None
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    None
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    http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=kdmLvl1n82U

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    Filesystems

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    HDD Performance • seek time: position platters and read-write head

    • data rate: transfer data to motherboard
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    None
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    Solid State Drive

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    None
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    http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=j84eEjP-RL4

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    Flash Memory

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    Virtual Memory

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    None
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    None
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    Capacity

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    L1 cache 64 kilobytes L2 cache 8 megabytes 1 MB

    from RAM 4 gigabytes 1 MB from SSD 256 gigabytes 1 MB from HDD 1 terabyte
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    Performance

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    L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 1 MB

    from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
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    L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
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    L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
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    L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
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    L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 week 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
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    L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache

    7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 week 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds 4.5 months
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    Shopping!

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    Factors to Consider • display • weight • resolution •

    CPU cores • CPU cache size • RAM size • storage capacity • HDD / SSD • peripherals • keyboard
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    Summary

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    CPU • instruction set • pipeline • parallelism • superscalar

    • multi-core • clock speed • Moore’s Law • Megahertz Myth
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    Memory • byte, kilobyte, megabyte • registers • RAM •

    addressing • big-endian, little-endian • caching • L1 cache, L2 cache, L3 cache • hard disk drive • platters, tracks, sectors • read-write heads • file allocation table • seek time, data rate • solid state drive • flash memory
100. 100.

     Computer Science E-1 Lecture 2: Hardware