Lecture 2: CSCI E-1 Spring 2013

Caching. CPUs. Hard disk drives. Parallelism. Pipelining. RAM. Registers. Solid-state drives

Transcript

1. Computer Science E-1 Lecture 2: Hardware
2. From last time...
3. Pre-requisites
4. Pre-requisites
5. Math
6. Math
8. CPU RAM Hard Drive
9. CPU
14. Instruction Set
15. Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM
16. Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM • arithmetic: add two numbers
17. Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM • arithmetic: add two numbers • control flow: where do we go next?
18. Pipeline
20. Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction
21. Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine which instruction was fetched
22. Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine which instruction was fetched • execute: run the instruction
23. Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine which instruction was fetched • execute: run the instruction • writeback: store the result (if necessary)
24. Fetch 0000001001010011
25. Decode 0000001001010011 Add 5 3
26. Decode Add 5 + 3
27. Execute 5 + 3 = 8
28. Writeback
30. Parallelism
33. Superscalar
34. Multi-core
35. Counting Candy
36. 1. Start with a total of 0 2. For each piece in the pile, add 1 to total 3. Remember that piece was counted
37. 1. Find 4 friends 2. Divide candy among friends 3. Friends count at same time
38. Four times as fast!
39. Four times as fast!
40. 1. Find 4 friends 2. Divide candy among friends 3. Friends count at same time 4. Add up friends’ totals
41. More friends!
42. Not faster :(
43. 1. Pair up, add totals together 2. One friend goes home, other remembers total 3. Repeat until counted
44. Much faster!
45. CPU Performance
47. “Megahertz Myth”
48. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=PKF9GOE2q38
49. CPU RAM Hard Drive
50. Memory
51. Byte B 8 bits Kilobyte KB 1000 bytes Megabyte MB 1000000 bytes (1000 KB) Gigabyte GB 1000000000 bytes (1000 MB) Terabyte TB 1000000000000 bytes (1000 GB)
52. Byte B Kilobyte KB Megabyte MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB
53. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Megabyte MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB
54. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB
55. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB
56. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Movie Terabyte TB
57. Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Movie Terabyte TB 250,000 songs
58. Registers
59. RAM
64. 00000000000000000000010100111001 101 102 103 104
65. Big-Endian
66. 00111001000001010000000000000000 104 103 102 101
67. Little-Endian
68. Cache
70. CPU RAM Hard Drive
71. Hard Disk Drive
75. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=kdmLvl1n82U
76. Filesystems
77. HDD Performance • seek time: position platters and read-write head • data rate: transfer data to motherboard
79. Solid State Drive
81. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=j84eEjP-RL4
82. Flash Memory
83. Virtual Memory
86. Capacity
87. L1 cache 64 kilobytes L2 cache 8 megabytes 1 MB from RAM 4 gigabytes 1 MB from SSD 256 gigabytes 1 MB from HDD 1 terabyte
88. Performance
89. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
90. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
91. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
92. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
93. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 week 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds
94. L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 week 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds 4.5 months
95. Shopping!
96. Factors to Consider • display • weight • resolution • CPU cores • CPU cache size • RAM size • storage capacity • HDD / SSD • peripherals • keyboard
97. Summary
98. CPU • instruction set • pipeline • parallelism • superscalar • multi-core • clock speed • Moore’s Law • Megahertz Myth
99. Memory • byte, kilobyte, megabyte • registers • RAM • addressing • big-endian, little-endian • caching • L1 cache, L2 cache, L3 cache • hard disk drive • platters, tracks, sectors • read-write heads • file allocation table • seek time, data rate • solid state drive • flash memory
100. Computer Science E-1 Lecture 2: Hardware