Mars Exploration - NCSU OLLI week 1

Transcript

1. Exploring Mars Past, Present, and Future
2. The Plan 1. Jan 14 Why Mars? Observing Mars, cosmology, water and life on Mars 2. Jan 28 Interplanetary Flight 101 3. Feb 4 How to Survive on Mars, Mars in the Movies 4. Feb 11 Flybys and Orbiters 5. Feb 18 Landers and Rovers 6. Feb 25 Boots on the ground
3. Rovers
4. Hubble vs Galileo’s view Simulated image by Chiara /Skymaker Cassini spacecraft, 2006 Galileo, 1610
5. 1890 Today
6. Photos Pickering Mt Wilson, CA
 1890 100” telescope Mt Wilson, CA
 1956
7. 1956, Mt. Wilson Mariner 6, 1969 Mariner 9, 1971 Viking 1, 1975 Mars Global Surveyor, 1996 Hubble Space Telescope, 2016
9. Early Observations • 2 millennium BCE, China, records of Mars motion • 400 BCE, Babylonians observed for calendrical/ religious
 Nergal - god of war/inflicted death • Egyptians first noticed fixed stars, relative sun movement, Mercury, Mars, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn
 Har Decher - the Red One. • Greek and Romans
 Ares (Greek), Mars (Roman) fiery red god of war making a strange loop
10. Ptoemy 350 BC Chuck Creager Jr.
11. Copernicus 1543 Chuck Creager Jr.
12. Tycho Brahe 1543 Chuck Creager Jr.
13. Tycho Brahe • Started as a law student, switched to astronomy after experiencing a solar eclipse • 1-2% the wealth of Denmark. • Youngest to predict lunar eclipse, discovered atmospheric diffraction, first to see a supernova, all with naked eye • Sword duel with his cousin over a math disagreement • Wore an artificial prosthetic nose (gold, copper, silver) • Owned a pet moose • Obsessive note taking, data collection and its organization • Toxic levels of mercury found in hairs, poisoned? murdered? Kepler? King Christian IV? • Inspired Shakespeare to write Hamlet?
14. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Georgia State University The Law of Orbits The Law of Equal Area The Law of Periods Eccentricity
15. Retrograde Explained
16. Johann Mädler and Wilhelm Beer • 1830: First reasonably good maps of Mars • Established the prime meridian at Sinus Meridiani (Meridian Bay) \
17. Giovanni Schiaparelli 1869s \
18. Nathaniel Green 1877 http://spaceflight101.com/calendar/
19. Asaph Hall, 1877
20. Lowell 1894
21. Eugène Antoniadi 1910
22. 1965 Mariner 4 kills Martian technology theories Corby Waste
23. Launch Sites
24. Baikonur Cosmodrome • First and oldest spaceport • ICBM test facility • First artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) • First human spaceflight (Vostok 1) • Leased to Russia until 2050, managed by Roscosmos State Corporation & the Russian Aerospace Forces • Desert Космодро ́ м Байкону́ р
26. 1960s 1960 Soviet Union’s initial attempts
27. Marsnik 1M #1 • Designations: Marsnik 1, Mars 1960A, M1, and Korabl 4 • Mission: Mars flyby, return surface images • investigate interplanetary space between Earth and Mars (magnetic fields, cosmic rays, radiation, the solar wind, and micrometeorites) • radio communications from long distances. • Launch: 1960/10/10, Космодро ́ м Байкону́ р (Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam U.S.S.R on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: launch failure
 3rd stage failure due to thrust reduction caused by fuel line cavitation. Reached 120km altitude Soviet Union’s first attempt at a planetary probe Spacecraft bus: ~2m high 650kg cylinder based on Venera 1 Payload: 10 kg including magnetometer on a boom, cosmic ray counter, plasma-ion trap, radiometer, micrometeorite detector, spectroreflectometer in CH band, infrared spectrometer, film camera & scanner (3-6km resolution)
28. Marsnik 1M #2 • Designations: Marsnik 2, Mars 1960B, and Korabl 5 • Mission: Mars flyby, return surface images • investigate interplanetary space between Earth and Mars (magnetic fields, cosmic rays, radiation, the solar wind, and micrometeorites) • radio communications from long distances. • Launch: 1960/10/14, Космодро ́ м Байкону́ р (Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam U.S.S.R on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: launch failure, broke up in atmosphere. 3rd stage failed to ignite. After LOX leek on the pad froze Spacecraft bus: ~2m high 650kg cylinder based on Venera 1 Payload: 10 kg including magnetometer on a boom, cosmic ray counter, plasma-ion trap, radiometer, micrometeorite detector, and a spectroreflectometer in CH band
29. What M1 could have revealed • “canals” are an optical illusion • No evidence of plant life (Sinton bands are deuterated water vapor),
30. Sputnik 22 • Designations: Sputnik 22, Mars 1962-057A, 2MV-4 No.3, Korabl 11 • Mission: Mars flyby
 Investigate cosmic radiation, micrometeoroid impacts and Mars' magnetic field, radiation environment, atmospheric structure, and possible organic compounds • Launch: 1962-10-24 Baikonur Cosmodrome, on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: launch failure, upper stage exploded in orbit. Orbital debris detected by U.S. Ballistic Missile Early Warning System radar in Alaska. Spacecraft: 2MV 3.3m x 1m cylinder, 650kg mass Payload: magnetometer probe, television photographic equipment, a spectroreflexometer, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), a spectrograph to study ozone absorption bands, and a micrometeoroid instrument. Could have started WWIII
31. Mars 1 • Designations: 1962 Beta Nu 1, Mars 2MV-4 and Sputnik 23 • Mission: Mars flyby at 19,000 km
 Investigate cosmic radiation, micrometeoroid impacts and Mars' magnetic field, radiation environment, atmospheric structure, and possible organic compounds • Launch: 1962-11-1 Baikonur Cosmodrome, on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: partial success, 193,000 km fly-by before radio failure. In heliocentric orbit Spacecraft: 2MV 3.3m x 1m cylinder, 650kg mass Payload: magnetometer probe, television photographic equipment, a spectroreflexometer, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), a spectrograph to study ozone absorption bands, and a micrometeoroid instrument. First science results
32. Mars 1 results • Recorded one micrometeorite strike every two minutes at altitudes ranging from 6000-40,000 km (Taurids meteor shower) • recorded similar densities at distances from 20 to 40 million km. • Magnetic field intensities in interplanetary space: sustained 3-4 gammas 6-9 gammas peak were measured in interplanetary space • Detected solar wind. • Cosmic ray intensity nearly doubled since 1959. • The radiation zones around the Earth detected and their magnitude confirmed.
33. Sputnik 24 • Designations: Mars 2MV-3 No. 1, Sputnik 24 • Mission: Mars flyby • Launch: 1962-11-4 Baikonur Cosmodrome, on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: broke up during trans-Mars injection Spacecraft: 2MV 3.3m x 1m cylinder, 650kg mass Payload: magnetometer probe, television photographic equipment, a spectroreflexometer, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), a spectrograph to study ozone absorption bands, and a micrometeoroid instrument.