water and life on Mars 2. Jan 28 Interplanetary Flight 101 3. Feb 4 How to Survive on Mars, Mars in the Movies 4. Feb 11 Flybys and Orbiters 5. Feb 18 Landers and Rovers 6. Feb 25 Boots on the ground
motion • 400 BCE, Babylonians observed for calendrical/ religious Nergal - god of war/inflicted death • Egyptians first noticed fixed stars, relative sun movement, Mercury, Mars, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn Har Decher - the Red One. • Greek and Romans Ares (Greek), Mars (Roman) fiery red god of war making a strange loop
astronomy after experiencing a solar eclipse • 1-2% the wealth of Denmark. • Youngest to predict lunar eclipse, discovered atmospheric diffraction, first to see a supernova, all with naked eye • Sword duel with his cousin over a math disagreement • Wore an artificial prosthetic nose (gold, copper, silver) • Owned a pet moose • Obsessive note taking, data collection and its organization • Toxic levels of mercury found in hairs, poisoned? murdered? Kepler? King Christian IV? • Inspired Shakespeare to write Hamlet?
facility • First artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) • First human spaceflight (Vostok 1) • Leased to Russia until 2050, managed by Roscosmos State Corporation & the Russian Aerospace Forces • Desert Космодро ́ м Байкону́ р
and Korabl 4 • Mission: Mars flyby, return surface images • investigate interplanetary space between Earth and Mars (magnetic fields, cosmic rays, radiation, the solar wind, and micrometeorites) • radio communications from long distances. • Launch: 1960/10/10, Космодро ́ м Байкону́ р (Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam U.S.S.R on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: launch failure 3rd stage failure due to thrust reduction caused by fuel line cavitation. Reached 120km altitude Soviet Union’s first attempt at a planetary probe Spacecraft bus: ~2m high 650kg cylinder based on Venera 1 Payload: 10 kg including magnetometer on a boom, cosmic ray counter, plasma-ion trap, radiometer, micrometeorite detector, spectroreflectometer in CH band, infrared spectrometer, film camera & scanner (3-6km resolution)
Korabl 5 • Mission: Mars flyby, return surface images • investigate interplanetary space between Earth and Mars (magnetic fields, cosmic rays, radiation, the solar wind, and micrometeorites) • radio communications from long distances. • Launch: 1960/10/14, Космодро ́ м Байкону́ р (Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam U.S.S.R on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: launch failure, broke up in atmosphere. 3rd stage failed to ignite. After LOX leek on the pad froze Spacecraft bus: ~2m high 650kg cylinder based on Venera 1 Payload: 10 kg including magnetometer on a boom, cosmic ray counter, plasma-ion trap, radiometer, micrometeorite detector, and a spectroreflectometer in CH band
Korabl 11 • Mission: Mars flyby Investigate cosmic radiation, micrometeoroid impacts and Mars' magnetic field, radiation environment, atmospheric structure, and possible organic compounds • Launch: 1962-10-24 Baikonur Cosmodrome, on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: launch failure, upper stage exploded in orbit. Orbital debris detected by U.S. Ballistic Missile Early Warning System radar in Alaska. Spacecraft: 2MV 3.3m x 1m cylinder, 650kg mass Payload: magnetometer probe, television photographic equipment, a spectroreflexometer, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), a spectrograph to study ozone absorption bands, and a micrometeoroid instrument. Could have started WWIII
and Sputnik 23 • Mission: Mars flyby at 19,000 km Investigate cosmic radiation, micrometeoroid impacts and Mars' magnetic field, radiation environment, atmospheric structure, and possible organic compounds • Launch: 1962-11-1 Baikonur Cosmodrome, on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: partial success, 193,000 km fly-by before radio failure. In heliocentric orbit Spacecraft: 2MV 3.3m x 1m cylinder, 650kg mass Payload: magnetometer probe, television photographic equipment, a spectroreflexometer, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), a spectrograph to study ozone absorption bands, and a micrometeoroid instrument. First science results
minutes at altitudes ranging from 6000-40,000 km (Taurids meteor shower) • recorded similar densities at distances from 20 to 40 million km. • Magnetic field intensities in interplanetary space: sustained 3-4 gammas 6-9 gammas peak were measured in interplanetary space • Detected solar wind. • Cosmic ray intensity nearly doubled since 1959. • The radiation zones around the Earth detected and their magnitude confirmed.
• Mission: Mars flyby • Launch: 1962-11-4 Baikonur Cosmodrome, on a R-7 Семёрка ICBM modified with upper and escape stages • Result: broke up during trans-Mars injection Spacecraft: 2MV 3.3m x 1m cylinder, 650kg mass Payload: magnetometer probe, television photographic equipment, a spectroreflexometer, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), a spectrograph to study ozone absorption bands, and a micrometeoroid instrument.
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