of 2 looking up iconography, and I will use those as resources so inspire more imagery. So I will try to get more and more input. I might also go and talks by the author or related talk to get a better sense of the topic all the meanwhile I'm trying to come up with imagery. It's a bit like Pictionary. How would I draw that? How would I draw that? These images feed into step three which is ideation. So in this step, I try to put down many miniature versions of the ideas that I can and I tried to as many as possible because this is a stage where ideals are cheap. If I ever run out of ideas, I also go to a random word generator, this was inspired by Edward De Bono's book, how to create ideas, and I pick random words and I try to make associations in my head to go how can I think about this differently to come up with a new idea, a new idea. For every single piece I try to have at least ten or more ideas and bear in mind, by definition, all of these, except one, will make it at the end but this is part of the process for creating something good, you need to discard a lot of things along the way. From there I take my favourite ideas and I ex pand them onto a larger thumbnail and this helps me to narrow down. These take a little more, not that much more effort, but I expand the detail and go does this really look right? And then that leads into step four, which is refinements. Here I take two of my favourite thumbnails and I, again, expand them and go how does this work? I've gout got to put down the details, and these are the ones I select because I think they're the most representative and most visually appealing and then I refine these to my editor, who picks one, and from there I do a brush up line work and the colour. This is the part that makes people think of as drawing or illustration. Personally, I actually have a helper who is - I've got an assistant who helps me with the colour, she's way better at it than I am but we've learnt a lot from each other as well, to really try to make it pop. As you can see there's a lot of steps before that as well to get to that stage. That's really it. Here's a mosaic of the illustrations I've done so far and as you can see, it's not that simple but also quite possible if you follow a process. Each article represents its own challenge, so the ones with abstract concepts are harder, obviously, things like culture design, design system, design ethics, artificial intelligence, less concrete ideas tend to be more difficult. But having said that, I found in matter the topic, following this process is generally pretty robust. Until I've gotten used to doing this I've deployed this for different visualisation work. So I hope this gives you ideas for how you can approach visualising ideas too. The process should be effective for all kinds of visual communication. For example, just knowing that doing multiple thumbnails will increase your chances of landing on a good idea. Behind these 65 illustrations are over 1,000 discarded ideas through the process of creativity. Wrapping up, I just want to say thanks to my editor, Patrick, and my assistant Annie who have been incredible at enabling this. Check out the blog, we're continuing to make these for the forseeable future. Thank you. (Applause)