La sécurité dans l'IoT : difficultés, failles et contre-mesures @VoxxedDayLU

Avec la multiplication des objets connectés dans notre quotidien, la sécurité de ces appareils électroniques, qui a été souvent négligée par le passé, devient une réelle problématique. Leur faible coût de conception, la négligence des fabricants ou même la notre, nous développeurs, en font des proies faciles pour les hackers.
Ce phénomène se constate bien dans l'actualité, où l'on parle de plus en plus d'attaques à grande échelles visant des cameras ou frigos connectés, mais également les serrures Bluetooth.

Au cours de ce talk nous verrons en détails le principe des dernières attaques qui ont fait la une. Nous parlerons ensuite des failles touchant les IoTs les plus courantes (le top 10 OWASP IoT), les solutions et contre-mesures.
Nous parlerons notamment des attaques par canaux auxiliaires pour lesquelles peu de solutions existent et qui donnent toujours du fil à retordre aux chercheurs.

Enfin, nous terminerons par une petite démo d’attaque de type Man-in-the-midle (MiTM) sur un objet Bluetooth.

Transcript

1. #DevoxxFR #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf La sécurité dans l'IoT : difficultés, failles et contre-mesures Alexis DUQUE @alexis0duque
2. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf About Me ALEXIS DUQUE Embedded Software engineer & R&D leader at Rtone PhD Student at CITI Lab, INSA de Lyon @alexis0duque #IoTSecurityConf alexisduque alexisd@rtone.fr alexisduque.me https://goo.gl/oNUWu6
3. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Roadmap • THE INTERNET OF THINGS • NEWS • VULNERABILITIES & OWASP TOP 10 • BLUETOOTH LE (UN)SECURITY • DEMO: BLUETOOTH LE (UN)SECURITY • SIDE CHANNELS ATTACKS • COUNTERMEASURES
4. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Internet Of Things
5. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf “20 billions interconnected devices by the year 2020” Gartner
6. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Security ?
7. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf IoT Security ? • Uncontrolled Environment • Heterogeneity • Users and Manufacturers not aware of security risks • Surface of attacks: hardware + software • Scalability • Constrained Resources
8. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf IoT+Security Challenges • Objects are small and everywhere and connected • Prone to environmental influences • Weak calculation and memory (limited for crypto) • They are autonomous • Cyber attacks have real world consequences
9. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Attack Surface Area Around 20 attack surface areas on the OWASP IoT Project E.g. web Interfaces, physical interfaces, firmware, network, cloud, mobile, API, etc Each attack surface has multiple potential vulnerabilities Firmware packages use old and/or unsupported versions of 3rd party components
10. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf IoT Security Happens On 4 Different Levels
11. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Firmware Update • Need to be able to update firmware • Automatic updates? • Needs to be tested on all hardware variants • Download path needs to be secure • Update path needs to be secure
12. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf The Hacker’s Paradise! An Attacket Drem
13. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf IoT Privacy Challenges • How to obtain informed consent? • How can people have control over data? • Who is responsible? • How data can be safeguarded? • How do you detect attacks or leaks?
15. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Who Are IoT Hackers ?
16. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Many of the vulnerabilities discovered are 10 years old!
17. SOUS-TITRE Est ut paucos caritas autem.
19. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf The Mirai Botnet Over 200,000 devices in original botnet 623 Gbps attack on Krebs 1 Tbps attack on Dyn Source code released Default credentials Also Reaper (2016), Hajime, Okiru, ...
20. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf
21. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Hackable Cardiac Devices Vulnerability in the transmitter that reads the device’s data Hackers could control a device 465,000 Abbott pacemakers vulnerable to hacking Need a firmware fix
22. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Bluetooth Vulnerabilities BlueBorne https://www.armis.com/blueborne/ Android, Windows, iOS & Linux Amazon Echo and Google Home 8 vulnerabilities
23. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Bluetooth Vulnerabilities Heap-based Buffer Overflow Integer Underflow Memory Corruption + Privilege Escalation + Remote Code Execution Payload Injection + Remote Code Execution “Heartbleed Like” Data Leak Fake Ip Interface + Packets Interception
24. OS Vulnerability CVE Id. Description Android Remote Code Execution CVE-2017-0781 Furtive attack Android Remote Code Execution CVE-2017-0782 Furtive attack Android Data leak CVE-2017-0785 Heartbleed like Android "Man-In-The-Middle" (MiTM) CVE-2017-0783 Bluetooth "Pineapple" Linux Remote Code Execution CVE-2017- 1000251 - Linux Data leak CVE-2017- 1000250 Heartbleed like iOS Remote Code Execution CVE-2017- 14315 - Windows "Man-In-The-Middle" (MiTM) CVE-2017-8628 Bluetooth "Pineapple"
25. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf
26. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf OWASP IoT Top 10
27. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf What Is OWASP? [owasp.org] “The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is a worldwide not-for-profit charitable organization focused on improving the security of software” [owasp.org] “The OWASP Internet of Things Project is designed to help manufacturers, developers, and consumers better understand the security issues associated with the Internet of Things, and to enable users in any context to make better security decisions when building, deploying, or assessing IoT technologies”
28. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf OWASP IoT Top 10 1. Insecure Web Interface 2. Insufficient Authentication/Authorization 3. Insecure Network Services 4. Lack of Transport Encryption/Integrity Verification 5. Privacy Concerns 6. Insecure Cloud Interface 7. Insecure Mobile Interface 8. Insufficient Security Configurability 9. Insecure Software/Firmware 10.Poor Physical Security
29. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf 1. Insecure Web Interface “Attacker uses weak credentials, captures plain-text credentials or enumerates accounts to access the web interface.” • A1:2017 Injection • A7:2017 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) • A13:2017 Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability EASY Prevalence COMMON Detectability EASY Impact SEVERE Application / Business Specific
30. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf 2. Insufficient Authentication “Attacker uses weak passwords, insecure password recovery mechanisms, poorly protected credentials or lack of granular access control to access a particular interface.” A2:2017 Broken Authentication (Mirai) Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability AVERAGE Prevalence COMMON Detectability EASY Impact SEVERE Application / Business Specific
31. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability AVERAGE Prevalence Detectability AVERAGE Impact MODERATE Application / Business Specific 3. Insecure Network Services “Attacker uses vulnerable network services to attack the device itself or bounce attacks off the device.” • Unnecessary open ports • Wifi access to network, e.g. iKettle
32. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf 4. Lack of Transport Encryption/Integrity Verification “Attacker uses the lack of transport encryption to view data being passed over the network.” • A5:2017 Broken Access Control • Devices not always connected to internet • Certificates expire Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability AVERAGE Prevalence COMMON Detectability EASY Impact SEVERE Application / Business Specific
33. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf 5. Privacy Concerns “Attacker uses multiple vectors such as insufficient authentication, lack of transport encryption or insecure network services to view personal data which is not being properly protected or is being collected unnecessarily.” • EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - 25th May 2018 • Requirements for User Consent and Pseudonymisation. • Legal obligation to notify the Supervisory Authority of data breach without undue delay (72 hours?) Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability AVERAGE Prevalence COMMON Detectability EASY Impact SEVERE Application / Business Specific
34. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf 6. Insecure Cloud Interface “Attacker uses multiple vectors such as insufficient authentication, lack of transport encryption and account enumeration to access data or controls via the cloud website.” • A1:2017 Injection Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability AVERAGE Prevalence COMMON Detectability EASY Impact SEVERE Application / Business Specific
35. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf 7. Insecure Mobile Interface “Attacker uses multiple vectors such as insufficient authentication, lack of transport encryption and account enumeration to access data or controls via the mobile interface.” • No best practice? • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) “Guide to Bluetooth Security” Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability AVERAGE Prevalence COMMON Detectability EASY Impact SEVERE Application / Business Specific
36. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf 8. Insufficient Security Configurability “Attacker uses the lack of granular permissions to access data or controls on the device. The attacker could also us the lack of encryption options and lack of password options to perform other attacks which lead to compromise of the device and/or data.” Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability AVERAGE Prevalence COMMON Detectability EASY Impact MODERATE Application / Business Specific
37. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf 9. Insecure Software/Firmware “Attacker uses multiple vectors such as capturing update files via unencrypted connections, the update file itself is not encrypted or they are able to perform their own malicious update via DNS hijacking.” Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability DIFFICULT Prevalence COMMON Detectability EASY Impact SEVERE Application / Business Specific
38. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf 10. Poor Physical Security “Attacker uses vectors such as USB ports or other storage means to access the Operating System and potentially any data stored on the device.” • JTAG • Serial bus spy: BUS PIRATE • Oscilloscope Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts Application Specific Exploitability AVERAGE Prevalence COMMON Detectability AVERAGE Impact SEVERE Application / Business Specific
40. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Bluetooth Low Energy
41. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Bluetooth LE Bluetooth Low Energy, BLE, Bluetooth 4/5, Bluetooth SMART One of most exploding recently IoT technologies Completely different than previous Bluetooth 2, 3 (BR/EDR) Designed for low energy usage, simplicity rather than throughput
42. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Bluetooth LE 3 devices roles: Peripheral / Central / Advertiser Read - Write - Notifications - Indication Bluetooth 4.0 has weak security mechanisms Bluetooth 4.2 adds strong encryption Bluetooth 5 increase throughput and range
43. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf BLE Security & Pairing Uses AES-128 with CCM (Counter with CBC-MAC) encryption Uses Diffie-Hellman Key Distribution to share various keys • Identity Resolving Key is used for privacy (IRK) • Signing Resolving Key provides fast authentication without encryption (SRK) • Long Term Key is used (LTK) Pairing encrypts the link using a Temporary Key (TK) • Derived from passkey & then distribute keys
44. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf BLE Security & Pairing How to determine the temporary key (TK)? Just Works • Devices without display cannot implement other • It’s actually a key of zero 6-digit PIN : In case the device has a display Out of band (OOB) • Not common (understatement – haven’t seen one yet)
45. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Bluetooth Core Specification “None of the pairing methods provide protection against a passive eavesdropper”
46. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Bluetooth 4.2 Security 4.2 brings strong encryption with Elliptic Curves Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) with LE Secure Connection Numeric Comparison to determine the TK In practice, ~80% of tested devices do not implement BLE-layer encryption
47. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Bluetooth 4.2 Security Why? • Mobile apps cannot control the pairing (OS level) • Security is left behind (cost, time, etc.) • Multiple users/apps using the same devices • Hardware, software or even UX • Compatibilities/requirements
48. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Hacking Bluetooth LE BLE USB dongle (CSR8510) Ubertooth nRF or TI Sniffer Wireshark
49. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Bluetooth MiTM Attack Btlejuice https://github.com/DigitalSecurity/btlejuice 2 CSR BLE Dongles
50. Bluetooth MiTM Attack
51. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Demo Time
52. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf
53. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Side Channel Attacks
54. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf What is a “side channel”? • A source of information about secret information besides the actual communication channel • Side channels and side-channel analysis is very common – also in everyday life Personal identification system based on rotation of toilet paper rolls, Kurahashi et al. , IEEE PCC 2017
55. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Side Channel Attacks Example: A PIN Code Check r = strcmp(secret_pwd, typed_pwd); if (r==0) { /* grant access */ s = access_secret_data(); } else { /* deny access */ incorrect_password(); } int strcmp(const char* s1, const char* s2) { while(*s1 && (*s1 == *s2)) { s1++; s2++; } return *(const unsigned char*)s1 - *(const unsigned char*)s2; } The execution time of strcmp() is directly proportional to the number of correct PIN digits at the beginning of the PIN!
56. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Side Channel Attacks Differential Power Analysis (DPA) on AES
57. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf EXAMPLE Meltdown & Spectre
58. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Countermeasures and best practices
59. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf IoT Security Best Practises Security objectives must be considered during the product life cycle! • Security “by design” • Risks analysis • Technologies choices and their threat • Architecture requirements for security • Integration in the project workflow • Security review during the project
60. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf IoT Security Best Practises Cover the main risks! • Security Upgrade • Communications encryption and authentication • Use standard crypto • Don’t shared key between devices! • Code integrity, data confidentiality • Restrict and control local access (hardware, …)
61. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf What Is Coming? • Lightweight Crypto for the IoT (LWC) • Software Security • Code security and proof (standard, best practices, formal analysis) • Hardware Security • Side channel-attack and fault-injection • Secure boot and secure firmware update
62. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf PACLIDO Protocoles et Algorithmes Cryptographiques Légers pour l’Internet des Objets Consortium: Airbus, Loria-CNRS, Rtone, Université de Limoge, Trusted Object, Sophia Conseil, CEA Goals: Develop new and IoT compliant crypto primitives and protocols for domotics (BLE), Smart- Cities @fui_paclido paclido.fr
63. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Secure Elements • Tamper resistant hardware • Secure firmware • Secret keys storage, keys renewal • Crypto. algorithm • Data encryption & decryption
64. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Conclusion
65. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf IoT is going to get worse before it gets better! 84 billion devices out there. • Devices deployed need to be updated Developers need help! • Solutions already exist • Researchers are designing future IoT security standards
66. #voxxed_lu #IotSecurityConf Merci / Thanks you