Advanced Instrumentation for Probing Carbon in Earth

An overview of the Deep Carbon Observatory's initiative to develop new instruments for probing carbon in Earth.

Transcript

1. Advanced Instrumentation for Probing Carbon in Earth deepcarbon.net cschiffries@ciw.edu Craig M. Schiffries, Robert M. Hazen, Russell J. Hemley, and Andrea Johnson Mangum Deep Carbon Observatory Geophysical Laboratory Carnegie Institution of Washington Goldschmidt Conference Prague, Czech Republic August 2015
2. Mission The Deep Carbon Observatory’s overarching mission is to understand Earth’s carbon cycle in toto—beyond the atmosphere, oceans, and shallow crustal environments, which have drawn most previous research attention—to include the entire planet.
3. Deep Carbon Observatory Overview •  A 10-year project launched in September 2009 •  Major support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation •  Foster international cooperation •  Engage over 1,000 researchers from 50 countries •  Seed major funding for deep carbon research •  Example of proposed scope: Census of Marine Life o  $650 million total investment o  $70 million Sloan Foundation support o  www.coml.org
4. Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond MARCH 2014 VOL 507 NATURE Graham Pearson, Frank Brenker, Fabrizio Nestola, John McNeill, Lutz Nasdala, Mark Hutchison, Sergei Matveev, Kathy Mather, Geert Silversmit, Sylvia Schmitz, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze Reservoirs and Fluxes
5. Extreme Physics and Chemistry APRIL 2014 VOL 5 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Mario Santoro, Federico Gorelli, Roberto Bini, Ashkan Salamat, Gaston Garbarino, Claire Levelut, Olivier Cambon, and Julien Haines Carbon enters silica forming a cristobalite-type CO2 -SiO2 solid solutions
6. Deep Energy Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Tullis C. Onstott, Georges Lacrampe-Couloume, Christopher J. Ballentine The contribution of the Precambrian continental lithosphere to global H2 production 18 December 2014 516:379-382 NATURE
7. Aerobic Microbial Respiration in 86-Million- Year-Old Deep-Sea Red Clay 18 MAY 2012 VOL 336 SCIENCE Hans Ray, Jens Kallmeyer, Rishi Ram Adhikari, Robert Pockalny, Bo Barker Jorgensen & Steven D’Hondt Deep Life
8. DCO Science Communities •  Each DCO Science Community has a specific set of decadal goals •  New instrumentation is needed to achieve each set of decadal goals •  The DCO front-loaded its decadal program with investments in instrument development
9. Panorama and the Panorama team P. A. Freedman, Designer; D. Rumble and E. D. Young, co-PI’s Nu Instruments Ltd. Factory, Wrexham, Wales 5-November-2014 Next generation instrumentation is needed to achieve DCO goals
10. New Instruments are a Key to Discovery Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CMIG)                  Andrew Steele, Carnegie/Smithsonian Institution   Novel large-volume diamond anvil cell for neutron scattering                      Malcolm Guthrie, Carnegie Institution of Washington   Development of an ultrafast laser instrument for in situ measurements of thermodynamic properties of carbon bearing fluids and crystalline materials                  Alexander Goncharov, Carnegie Institution of Washington   Gas instrumentation sandpit workshop—developing next generation sensors for monitoring volcanic carbon flux                              Adrian Jones, University College London   Experimental High-P and T Bioreactors Sandpit Workshop                  Isabelle Daniel, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1   DCO Computer Cluster                        Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
11. New Instruments are a Key to Discovery Detecting the deep biosphere: An in-situ tool for the search for life Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment (V-CAFÉ): Development of instrumentation for volcanic carbon flux monitoring Advanced synchrotron x-ray spectrometer for deep carbon A high P-T device for experimental studies of hydrocarbons A modified gas chromatograph for experimental studies of hydrocarbons Katrina Edwards, University of Southern California Tobias Fischer, University of New Mexico Wendy Mao, Stanford University Vadim Brazhkin, Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Kutcherov, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology
12. New Instruments are the Key to Discovery DCO Computer Cluster •  Now installed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the DCO Computer Cluster is available to all DCO researchers •  Linux cluster can run a wide variety of scientific programs aimed at modeling chemical and physical processes in deep Earth and carrying out data analyses •  PSSC Labs PowerWulf MMx Cluster with 640 Intel® Xeon® 2.4 GHz Compute Processor Cores and 544GB System Memory - 1GB Memory Per Compute Processor Core •  154TB of System Storage, a high-speed internal InfiniBand network, and a fast backup system •  PI: Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
13. New Instruments are the Key to Discovery DEBI-t: Deep Exploration Biosphere Investigative tool •  Proof-of-concept tool (2011) by the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) •  Partial DCO support •  UV-spectroscopy used to detect microbial life in seafloor boreholes •  Used along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during IODP Expedition 336 aboard the JOIDES Resolution •  Will compare microbial life within existing and pristine boreholes •  PI: Katrina Edwards, USC
14. New Instruments are a Key to Discovery V-CAFÉ: Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment •  Continuously quantify active volcanic CO2 flux •  DCO partial support •  Multi-institutional •  International •  Interdisciplinary •  New generation ion-trap mass spectrometer that allows for rapid analyses of volcanic gas •  Hermetically sealed tube is highly portable •  Can be deployed in the volcanic plume on the crater rim •  PI: Tobias Fischer
15. New Instruments are the Key to Discovery •  Earth’s greatest potential carbon reservoirs are the lower mantle and core, where even a few parts per million (ppm) carbon in metallic or silicate phases could represent many times the confirmed planetary carbon content •  This instrument is designed to measure trace amounts of carbon (1-10 ppm) in a variety of geologically relevant samples, including mineral phases that are nominally acarbonaceous •  Nanoscale analysis is presently impossible by any other single technique •  PI: Andrew Steele, Carnegie Institution of Washington; Smithsonian Institution Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CIMIG)
16. New Instruments are the Key to Discovery •  The CIMIG involves the modification of an existing $2 million Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) instrument at the Smithsonian Institution •  It incorporates surface and depth profiling combined with an integrated sample preparation system for the detection and contamination-free 3-D mapping of inorganic and organic materials at ~100 nm spatial resolution •  Figures A & B: 3D CAD designs of CIMIG Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CIMIG)
17. New Instruments are the Key to Discovery Advanced Synchrotron X-ray Spectrometer for Deep Carbon   Fig.  1:  3D  technical  drawing  of  the    Beamline  6-­‐2  middle  hutch  experimental  end-­‐ station  at  Stanford  Synchrotron  Radiation  Lightsource  (SSRL).     KB-­‐Optics   Sample  holder   40-­‐crystal  XRS   spectrometer   7-­‐crystal  XES   spectrometer   •  Carbon-specific X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) is the most definitive probe for in situ, non-destructive characterization of the ubiquitous, significant changes in carbon-molecular bonding under high- pressure and high-temperature •  DCO partially supported a Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) focusing system that enables high- pressure carbon-specific XRS study at Beamline 6-2 of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory •  PI: Wendy Mao, Stanford University
18. Methane Clumped Isotopes
21. Instrumentation JUNE 2014 ASAP ONLINE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Shuhei Ono, David T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Mark S. Zahniser, Barry J. McManus, David D. Nelson Measurement of a doubly substituted methane isotopologue, 13CH3 D, by tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy
24. Clumped Isotopes 24 April 2015 348:428-431 SCIENCE David T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Kai-Uwe Hinrichs, Lucy C. Stewart, James F. Holden, Alexander N. Hristov, John W. Pohlman, Penny L. Morrill, Martin Könneke, Kyle B. Delwiche, Eoghan P. Reeves, Chelsea N. Sutcliffe, Daniel J. Ritter, Jeffrey Seewald, Jennifer C. McIntosh, Harold F. Hemond, Michael D. Kubo, Dawn Cardace, Tori M. Hoehler, Shuhei Ono Nonequilibrium clumped isotope signals in microbial methane.
25. Publication 24 April 2015 348:394-395 SCIENCE
26. Instrumentation 27 JUNE 2014 VOL 344:1500-1503 SCIENCE Daniel Stolper, Michael Lawson, Cara Davis, Alexandre Ferreira, Eugenio Santos Neto, Geoffrey Ellis, Michael Lewan, Anna Martini, Yongchun Tang, Martin Schoell, Alex Sessions, John Eiler Formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane
28. New Class of Mass Spectrometers Panorama Mass Spectrometer UCLA/Nu Instruments
29. Young et al. 2015 Panorama Mass Spectrometer UCLA/Nu Instruments
30. For more information, see the Midterm Report of the Deep Carbon Observatory and deepcarbon.net
31. Sponsors •  Alfred P. Sloan Foundation •  UK Natural Environment Research Council •  Russian Ministry of Science and Education •  European Research Council •  European Commission’s Marie Sklodowska Curie Research Program •  US National Science Foundation •  US Department of Energy •  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada •  Canadian Space Agency •  Canada Research Chairs Program •  Conseil Régional d’Ile de France •  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft •  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science •  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, & Technology of Japan •  Chinese Academy of Sciences •  International Continental Scientific Drilling Program •  International Ocean Discovery Program •  Many other organizations
32. For More Information Craig M. Schiffries, Director Deep Carbon Observatory Carnegie Institution of Washington cschiffries@ciw.edu 202-478-8819 deepcarbon.net