Web Components – das Ende der SPA-Framework-Ära?

Web Components Das Ende der SPA-Framework-Ära? Manuel Rauber @ManuelRauber Consultant

Manuel Rauber Consultant @ Thinktecture AG [email protected] @manuelrauber https://manuel-rauber.com

• The challenge • Web Components • What are they?
• How to use them? • How to create them? Agenda

The challenge

The challenge https://dribbble.com/shots/7169781-Homestay-Web-Design https://dribbble.com/shots/7164322-Food-delivery-Landing-page-design

Components

<div id="fancyWidget"> <</div> <html> <head> <script src="fancyFramework.js"><</script> <</head> <body> <</body>
<</html> • No semantic • Intransparent • Changes are difﬁcult • Framework dependent

<div id="fancyWidget"> <html> <head> <script src="fancyFramework.js"><</script> <</head> <body> <</body> <</html>
<span id="label"><</span> <button id="incButton">+<</button> <button id="decButton">--<</button> <</div> • Global Scoping • Naming conﬂicts • Styling conﬂicts

<my-counter value="1" minimum="1" maximum="5"><</my-counter> <html> <head> <script type="module" src=“my-counter.js”><</script> <</head>
<body> <</body> <</html> • Semantic • Local Scoping • Conﬁguration • Bundle Import

Web Components

Bring a native component model to web instead of having
to use frameworks Web Components - What are they? Custom Element <my-element> Shadow DOM HTML Template <template>

Can I use …? IE11 Edge Chrome Android Opera Safari
iOS Custom Elements ❌ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⚠ ⚠ Shadow DOM ❌ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⚠ HTML Templates ❌ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅

Custom Elements

• Create your own HTML tags • Lifecycle model (“connected”,
“disconnected”, “attribute changed”, “adopted”) • Reusable • Decouple behavior from the document Custom Elements <my-rating value="3" stars="10"><</my-rating>

• ES6 Class • Inherit from HTMLElement or any other
HTML element • Need to be deﬁned in a CustomElementRegistry Custom Elements class MyRating extends HTMLElement { constructor() { super(); console.log('component constructed'); } connectedCallback() { console.log('component added to DOM'); } adoptedCallback() { console.log('component was moved in DOM'); } disconnectedCallback() { console.log('component removed from DOM'); } attributeChangedCallback(name, oldVal, newVal) { console.log('a attribute has been changed'); } } window.customElements.define('my-rating', MyRating); const myRating = document.createElement('my-rating'); document.body.appendChild(myRating); /// this moves the node! otherElement.appendChild(myRating); otherElement.removeChild(myRating);

• Static getter observedAttributes returns all attributes which should be
observed • All those attributes will trigger attributeChangedCallback upon a change • Does not execute on property change! Custom Elements - Observed Attributes class MyRating extends HTMLElement { constructor() { super(); } static get observedAttributes() { return [ 'value' ]; } attributeChangedCallback(name, oldVal, newVal) { if (name ===== 'value') { this.innerHTML = `Rating value ${newVal}`; } } } <my-rating value="5"><</my-rating>

HTML Templates

• HTML tag: <template> • Parsed, but not rendered •
Instantiated via JavaScript HTML Templates <template> <header>My Image Card<</header> <img src="....." //> <p>Description<</p> <</template> const template = document.querySelector('template'); const templateInstance = document.importNode(template.content, true); const img = templateInstance.querySelector('img'); img.setAttribute('src', 'http:///a-link.com/foo.png'); document.body.appendChild(templateInstance);

Shadow DOM

• Encapsulates HTML and CSS • Isolated DOM: elements within
Shadow DOM are not selectable from outside • e.g. document.querySelector() won’t return a result • Scoped CSS: CSS styles stay within Shadow DOM, no leakage, no bleed-in • Composition: declarative, markup-based API, put elements from outside in • Simpliﬁes CSS: no conﬂicts with existing classes and IDs • Productivity: app consists of chunks of components instead of one big page Shadow DOM https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/web-components/shadowdom

• Shadow host DOM node that the shadow DOM is
attached to • Shadow tree DOM tree inside shadow DOM • Shadow boundary Place where the shadow DOM ends and the regular DOM begins (“Light DOM”) • Shadow root Root node of the shadow tree Shadow DOM document shadow host Document Tree Shadow Tree shadow root Shadow boundary

• attachShadow() attaches a shadow DOM to any HTML element
• open and closed mode Shadow DOM <html> <head><</head> <body> <div><</div> <script> const shadowHost = document.querySelector('div'); const shadowRoot = shadowHost.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' }); shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<h1>Hello World!<</h1>'; <</script> <</body> <</html>

• open allows access to the HTML element’s shadow DOM
• closed does not allow access to the HTML element’s shadow DOM Shadow DOM /// ..... shadowHost.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' }); document.querySelector('div').shadowRoot.querySelector('h1'); /// ->- [HTMLHeadingElement] /// ..... shadowHost.attachShadow({ mode: 'closed '}); document.querySelector('div').shadowRoot.querySelector('h1'); /// ->- Can not read 'querySelector' of null

• A (named) placeholder to ﬁll with your own markup
• Basically mixes together two DOM trees: the shadow & light tree Shadow DOM - Slots <template> <style> :host { border: 1px solid black; display: block; } <</style> <div> <slot><</slot> <slot name="another-slot">With Default Content<</slot> <</div> <</template> <my-element><</my-element> <!-- <my-element> <div>Unnamed Slot Content<</div> <</my-element> <my-element> <div>Unnamed Slot Content 2<</div> <div slot="another-slot">Another Slot Content<</div> <</my-element>

• Slots emit an event, whenever its content changes: slotchange
• Get the slotted elements via assignedNodes() • https://drafts.csswg.org/css-scoping/#slotted-pseudo Shadow DOM - Slots const slot = this.shadowRoot.querySelector('slot'); slot.addEventListener('slotchange', () =>= { const assignedNodes = slot.assignedNodes(); /// Do something with assignedNodes });

• Styling is done via <style>-tags • All stylings are
local and do not overwrite styles from other shadow DOMs • No other stylings will bleed into the shadow DOM Shadow DOM - Styling <template> <style> h1 { color: red; } <</style> <h1>Hello World!<</h1> <</template> const shadowRoot = document.querySelector('div') .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' }); shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<h1>Hello World!<</h1>' + '<style>h1 { color: red; }<</style>';

• Inside shadow DOM • :host, :host(), :host-context(), ::slotted() •
Outside shadow DOM • CSS Shadow Parts: ::part() • In Discussion: ::theme() • Deprecated: >>> (“shadow piercing”) Shadow DOM - CSS Selectors

• :host: Selects the shadow host element • :host(): Selects
the shadow host element only, if it has a certain class • :host-context(): Selects the shadow host element only, if the selector given as the function's parameter matches the shadow host's ancestor(s) in the place it sits inside the DOM hierarchy • :::slotted(): Selects a slotted element if it matches the selector Shadow DOM - CSS Selectors - Inside Shadow DOM document shadow host Document Tree Shadow Tree shadow root Shadow boundary <div class="my-class"><</div> <body class="my-host-context"> <div><</div> <</body> <div><</div> <div slot="my-slot"><</div> <template> <style> :::slotted(div) {} <</style> <slot name="my-slot"><</slot> <</template>

Shadow DOM - CSS Selectors - Inside Shadow DOM <template>
<style> :host { display: block; background-color: blue; } :host(.red) { background-color: red; } :host-context(main) { background-color: yellow; } :::slotted(article) { background-color: black; } <</style> <div> <p>Before slot<</p> <slot>Default Slot content<</slot> <p>After slot<</p> <</div> <</template> <my-element><</my-element> <my-element class="red"><</my-element> <main> <my-element><</my-element> <</main> <my-element> <article> Article Content <</article> <</my-element>

• CSS Shadow Parts (Working Draft): :::part() • Allows to
selectively expose elements from the shadow tree to the outside page for styling purposes • https://www.w3.org/TR/css-shadow-parts-1/ • CSS Shadow Parts (Unofﬁcial Draft): :::theme() • Matches all given parts, no matter how deeply nested they are • http://tabatkins.github.io/specs/css-shadow-parts/#part-theme Shadow DOM - CSS Selectors - Outside Shadow DOM

• Allows to selectively expose elements from the shadow tree
to the outside page for styling purposes Shadow DOM - CSS Selectors - Outside Shadow DOM - ::part <template> <style> header { background-color: crimson; } <</style> <div> <header part="my-header">Style me<</header> <</div> <</template> <style> my-element.styled:::part(my-header) { background-color: black; color: white; } <</style> <my-element><</my-element> <my-element class="styled"><</my-element>

• If a nested Web Component will expose an inner
Web Component’s part, it has to use exportparts=“part1 part2 …” instead of part=“name” Shadow DOM - CSS Selectors - Outside Shadow DOM - ::part <style> my-element:::part(textspan) { color: red; } <</style> <template id="my-element-outer-template"> <my-element-inner exportparts="innerspan textspan”> <</my-element-inner> <</template> <template id="my-element-inner-template"> <span part="innerspan">Innerspan<</span> <span part="textspan">Textspan<</span> <</template> <my-element><</my-element>

Importing Web Components

• ES6 Import • Via Code • Deprecated: HTML Import
Importing Web Components <link rel="import" href="my-element.html"> <script type="module" src="my-element.js"><</script> /// static import import './my-element.js'; /// dynamic import import('./my-element.js') .then(.....); /// or lazy-loading via const script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = './my-element.js'; document.body.appendChild(script); const myElement = document.createElement('my-element'); document.body.appendChild(myElement);

CustomElementRegistry

• Window global registry for all custom elements • API
• define(): defines a new element • get(): returns the constructor of an element (or undefined) • whenDefined(): returns a promise which is fulfilled, when the custom element is available • upgrade(): upgrades an element before it is connected to its shadow root CustomElementRegistry

Take Care! A sneak peek into the future

Versioning My library A My library B 3rd party library
1.0 3rd party library 2.0 Application <my-web-component /> <my-web-component /> deﬁnes deﬁnes Uncaught DOMException: Failed to execute ‘define’ on ‘CustomElementRegistry’: the name “my-web- component” has already been used with this registry.

• If you wish to sync them, then you’ll need
to sync them! • “Reﬂecting properties to attributes” or “Reﬂected DOM Attributes” • Helps to keep DOM representation in sync with its JavaScript state • Watch out! Properties can hold objects, numbers etc. Attributes only strings • Attributes vs Properties input = document.createElement('input'); console.log(input.getAttribute('value')); /// null input.value = 'one'; console.log(input.getAttribute('value')); /// null input.setAttribute('value', 'two'); console.log(input.value); /// one

• Easy things may require more code • Attributes vs
Properties • addEventListener etc. • Bigger component libraries need a strong foundation • Think of when and how to render your component • There is no virtual DOM like in React or Angular • You may need to think of partial DOM updates for bigger components Boilerplate & render loops

• Forms and Web Components don’t play well yet •
FormData is not populated • <button type=“submit”> does not work • Form Participation API aka “Form Attached Controls” is discussion • https://github.com/w3c/webcomponents/issues/815 • https://github.com/w3c/webcomponents/issues/814 • https://github.com/github/image-crop-element/pull/15 • https://github.com/axa-ch/patterns-library/issues/1258 Form Participation API

• Already good possibilities to create framework-independent components • Decide
between view-only and data-controlling Web Components • Keep in mind, what is not working yet, but will come in the future • Leverage the shadow DOM to encapsulate your Web Components • Think of your Web Components API! Web Components - Summary

• Blog Series: “The Perks & Flaws of Web Components”
• https://bit.ly/web-components-series • Web Components Cheat Sheet • https://www.thinktecture.com/de/cheatsheet/web-components/ More info about Web Components

And… now? • Try it out! Fiddle around with Web
Components • Use them! Include ﬁrst small Web Components into your application • Be prepared! Keep up to date with the development of Web Components • Slides & Repo: https://thinktecture.com/manuel-rauber • Contact: [email protected] - @manuelrauber

Web Components – das Ende der SPA-Framework-Ära?

Web Components – das Ende der SPA-Framework-Ära?

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