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Modern CSS: architecture, future specs and build flow
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Masaaki Morishita
October 09, 2016
Technology
13
2.4k
Modern CSS: architecture, future specs and build flow
at DevFest Tokyo 2016.
Masaaki Morishita
October 09, 2016
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Transcript
Modern CSS: architecture, future specs and build flow morishi'er @
#Devfest16
ࣗݾհ .about-me { name: Masaaki Morishita; twitter: @morishitter_; github: morishitter;
qiita: morishitter; works-at: 'Increments, inc.'; specializing-in: CSS; }
About Increments We are hiring! h"ps:/ /github.com/increments/job-descrip6ons
1994.10.10
Happy CSS Birthday! ! ໌Ͱ22ࡀ !
CSS: It was twenty years ago today — an interview
with Håkon Wium Lie ʮCSS500ޙಡΉ͜ͱ͕ Ͱ͖Δͣʯ h"ps:/ /dev.opera.com/ar0cles/css-twenty-years- hakon/
࠷ۙͷCSS animation, @keyframes, box-sizing, border-radius currentColor, color(), Custom Properties, @apply,
containment, display: flex, display: grid, em, rem, vw, vh, vmin, vmax, @font-face, object-fit, filter, transition, transform, will-change, writing-mode, etc...
CSS ͰදݱͰ͖Δ͜ͱ૿͑ͨ ͔͠͠ɺࠓੲมΘ͍ͬͯͳ͍͜ͱ͕͋Δ
CSS յΕ͍͢
Agenda 1. CSSͷ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍༷͠ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ
CSSͷ
ͦͷલʹɺCSSͷ"جຊ"ʹ͍ͭͯ • CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) • ͋Δཁૉʹࢦఆ͞Ε͍ͯΔϓϩύςΟએݴ͕ෳଘࡏ͢Δͱ ͖ɺએݴͷڧ͞ͷؔΛఆΊͯɺ1ͭͷએݴͷΈΛ༗ޮʹ͢Δ ͘͠Έ
p { color: black; } p { color: red; }
͕ܧঝ͞ΕΔϓϩύςΟ • color font-size ͳͲ • ཁૉ͔Β͕ܧঝ͞ΕΔ͜ͱͰͳهड़͕ͳ͘ͳΔ
ηϨΫλͷৄࡉ • #id > .class, [attr] > Element • ࠷ڧͷढจ
!important , styleଐੑ h1#title { font-size: 24px; } h1 { font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em; }
͜Ε͚ͩ ϦϑΝϨϯεΛݟͳ͕ΒͲΜͲΜॻ͍͍͚ͯΔ
None
CSSͷʢٕज़తଆ໘ʣ • ؆୯ = ߏจ͕ශऑ • நԽɾߏԽ ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ • ϧʔϧηοτͷӨڹൣғ͕Θ͔Βͳ͘ͳΔ
• શͯͷϧʔϧ͕ άϩʔόϧείʔϓ
CSSͷʢӡ༻తଆ໘ʣ • σβΠϯͷมΘΒͳ͍webΞϓϦͳ͍ • ͨΓతͳमਖ਼͕܁Γฦ͞ΕΔ
CSSͷʢࣾձతଆ໘ʣ • CSSᢞΊΒΕ͗͢ • ϓϩάϥϚʹܟԕ͞ΕɺσβΠφʔ͕ࡶʹॻ͘ • ยखؒCSS • ίʔυͷైḤͳཧ
CSSͨͩwebͷϏδϡΞϧσβΠϯΛ දݱͰ͖Εྑ͍ͷͰͳ͍
զʑใγεςϜΛ࡞͍ͬͯΔ CSS ιϑτΣΞͷҰ෦ͱͯ͠อक͞ΕΔ͖Ͱ ϦϑΝΫλϦϯάͷର
1. CSSͷʢ·ͱΊʣ • ٕज़తଆ໘ • நԽɾߏԽ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ • άϩʔόϧείʔϓ • ӡ༻తଆ໘
• ࣾձతଆ໘
Agenda 1. CSSͷ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍༷͠ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ
CSSͷઃܭख๏ 1. ྑ͍CSSίʔυΛॻͨ͘Ίʹ 2. طଘͷCSSઃܭख๏ 3. CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭
1. ྑ͍CSSίʔυͱ • ಡΜͰɺ࠷࣌ؒͰཧղͰ͖Δ • ୈࡾऀ͕ಡΜͩͱ͖ʹ1ਓ͕ॻ͍͔ͨͷΑ͏ʹ • ϝϯςφϯε͢ΔଞͷਓͷͨΊʹɺະདྷͷࣗͷͨΊʹ
ίʔσΟϯάن • Google HTML/CSS Style Guide (Google) • idioma8c CSS
(Nicolas Gallagher) • Code Guide by @mdo (Mark OBo) • CSS Guidelines (Harry Roberts) ໋໊نଇϑΥʔϚοτ
ෆ٢ͳ͍ • ʮCode smells in CSSʯby Harry Roberts • h5p:/
/csswizardry.com/2012/11/code-smells-in-css/
ελΠϧͷऔΓফ͠ BAD ! h2 { font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: .5em; padding-bottom:
.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; } .no-boader { padding-bottom: 0; border-bottom: none; }
ελΠϧͷऔΓফ͠ GOOD ! h2 { font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: .5em; }
.headline { padding-bottom: .5em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; }
ϋʔυίʔσΟϯά BAD ! .userIcon { width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius:
20px; }
ϋʔυίʔσΟϯά GOOD ! .userIcon { width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius:
50%; }
2. طଘͷCSSઃܭख๏ ઌਓ͕ͨͪங͍ͨ CSSΛ্ख͘ॻ͘ ํ๏ • OOCSS • BEM •
ITCSS
OOCSS Object Oriented CSS by Nicole Sullivan
ߏͱݟͨͷ • CSSͷϓϩύςΟେ͖͘2ͭͷ༻్ʹྨͰ͖Δ • ߏ • display, float, width, margin,
etc.. • ݟͨ • background-color, font-weight, border-radius, etc..
<button class="button button--success">OK</button> <button class="button button--danger">Cancel</button> .button { display: inline-block;
/* with other properties */ } .button--success { color: #fff; background-color: #2e6da4; } .button--danger { color: #fff; background-color: #d43f3a; }
ίϯςϯπͱίϯςφͷ • CSSͷηϨΫλHTMLͷߏʹґଘ͖͢Ͱͳ͍ .list { padding: 12px; list-style: none; }
.list-item { display: block; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; color: #757575; }
<ul class="list"> <li class="list-item">A</li> <li class="list-item">B</li> <li class="list-item">C</li> </ul> or
<div class="list"> <a class="list-item" href="#">A</a> <a class="list-item" href="#">B</a> <a class="list-item" href="#">C</a> </div>
Create a component library of reusable "legos"
BEM Block, Element, Modifier by Yandex
BEM • ϖʔδΛߏ͢Δཁૉͷׂͱɺͦͷཁૉͷ໊લΛܾΊΔͨΊ ͷࢦ • Block: WebΞϓϦέʔγϣϯΛߏ͢Δཁૉ • Element: BlockΛߏ͢Δཁૉ
• Modifier: BlockElementͷ০ͷύλʔϯঢ়ଶ
BEMͷϚʔΫΞοϓ <ul class="Tab"> <li class="Tab__item Tab__item--active">ΞΫςΟϒ</li> <li class="Tab__item">λϒ</li> <li class="Tab__item">λϒ</li>
</ul>
.Tab { /* Block */ display: flex; align-items: center; }
.Tab__item { /* Element */ display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; flex: 0 0 calc(100% / 3); height: 50px; color: #444; background-color: #eee; } .Tab__item--active { /* Modifier */ color: #fff; background-color: #444; }
BEMͷ໋໊نଇ • MindBEMding • Block__Element • Block--Modifier • Block__Element--Modifier h"p:/
/csswizardry.com/2013/01/mindbemding-ge;ng-your-head-round-bem-syntax/
ITCSS Inverted Triangle CSS by Harry Roberts
ITCSS • ৄࡉΛ͏·͘ཧ͠ɺϧʔϧηοτͷӨڹൣғΛѲ͢͠ ͘͢Δ
ৄࡉάϥϑ • CSSͷෳࡶΛධՁ͢Δࢦඪ
ৄࡉάϥϑ • ԣ࣠: CSSϑΝΠϧͷͦͷϧʔϧηοτ͕ଘࡏ͢ΔҐஔ • ॎ࣠: ͦͷϧʔϧηοτͷৄࡉΛࣔͨ͠ • ৄࡉ͕ӈ্͕ΓʹͳΔΑ͏ʹCSSΛॻ͘ •
ҙਤ͠ͳ͍ελΠϧͷ্ॻ͖Λ͙
ITCSSͷελΠϧׂ • Se$ngs: શମͷઃఆΧϥʔύϨοτϑΥϯταΠζΛSass ͳͲͷมΛͬͯఆٛ • Tools: Mixin Func4on
• Generics: ελΠϧͷϦηοτ (e.g. normalize.css) • Base: ཁૉηϨΫλΛͬͨϧʔϧηοτΛఆٛ
ITCSSͷελΠϧׂ • Objects: ০Λؚ·ͳ͍ϨΠΞτͷύλʔϯ • Components: ০ΛؚΜͩUIͷ1ཁૉ (Objectsʹ০Λ͋ͯΔ ͱ) •
U5li5es: ൚༻Ϋϥε Se#ng -> U*li*es ͷॱʹৄࡉ͕ߴ͘ͳΔ
3. CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭ ݸਓͷײͰ͢
Q. ʮͲ͏͢ΕյΕͳ͍CSS͕ॻ͚Δͷʁʯ
A. σβΠϯཧղ
CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭ • ʮσβΠϯͷҙਤʯ͕Θ͔ΕࣗવͱηϨΫλ໊͕ܾ·Δ • σβΠϯͷҙਤΛਖ਼͘͠ཧղͯ͠ॻ͔ΕͨCSSഁ͠ͳ͍
CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭ɺ ໋໊نଇͰͳ͘ σβΠϯཧղͱελΠϧͷׂཻ
ECSSIST Extensible CSS Idealis0c Structure Theory by morishi*er h"ps:/ /medium.com/@morishi"er/extensible-
css-idealis8c-structure-theory-36bd892d3a50
ʮCSSͷઃܭख๏ͳΜ͍ͯΖ͍ Ζ͋Δ͚Ͳɺࣗࣗͷߟ͑ νʔϜͷ։ൃମ੍ɺσβΠ ϯϓϩηεʹ߹Θͤͯௐ͠ ͍ͯ͘ͷͩͱࢥ͏ɻʯ h"p:/ /morishi"er.hatenablog.com/entry/ 2016/07/29/204642
2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ʢ·ͱΊʣ • ྑ͍CSSίʔυΛॻͨ͘Ίʹ • ίʔσΟϯάنɺCSSͷෆ٢ͳ͍ • طଘͷCSSઃܭख๏ • OOCSS,
BEM, ITCSS • CSSઃܭͷຊ࣭ • σβΠϯཧղͱελΠϧͷׂཻ
Agenda 1. CSSͷ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍༷͠ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ
CSSͷ৽͍༷͠ 1. Flexible Box Layout 2. CSS Custom Proper9es for
Cascading Variables 3. tabatkins / specs
1. Flexible Box Layout • a.k.a Flexbox • ݩʑXULͱ͍͏UIݴޠ͕ϕʔε •
ॊೈͳϨΠΞτΛՄೳʹ͢ΔͨΊͷ༷
FlexboxͷϒϥβରԠঢ়گ
FlexboxͷϞσϧ
FlexίϯςφͱFlexΞΠςϜ <div style="display: flex;"> <div>FlexΞΠςϜ</div> <div>FlexΞΠςϜ</div> <div>FlexΞΠςϜ</div> </div><!-- Flexίϯςφ -->
• display: flex Λࢦఆ͢ΔͱͦͷཁૉFlexίϯςφʹͳΔ • Flexίϯςφͷࢠཁૉ͕FlexΞΠςϜ
FlexίϯςφͷϓϩύςΟ • flex-direction: ϝΠϯ࣠ͷ͖ • flex-wrap: ϝΠϯ࣠ͷऴʹୡͨ͠ͱ͖ʹંΓฦ͔͢Ͳ͏͔ • justify-content: ϝΠϯ࣠ʹରͯ͠ͷྻ
• align-items: Ϋϩε࣠ʹରͯ͠ͷྻ • etc..
FlexΞΠςϜͷϓϩύςΟ • flex-grow: FlexΞΠςϜͷ৳ͼ۩߹ • flex-shrink: FlexΞΠςϜͷॖΈ۩߹ • flex-basis: FlexΞΠςϜͷॳظϝΠϯαΠζΛࢦఆ
• align-self: FlexΞΠςϜͷΫϩε࣠ʹରͯ͠ͷྻ • etc..
FlexboxͷϓϩύςΟΛ֮͑Δίπ • FlexboxͷϞσϧΛཧղ͢Δ • Flexίϯςφ͔FlexΞΠςϜͷϓϩύςΟͳͷ͔Λҙࣝ
Flexboxͷόά • ಛʹIE, Safariʹଟ͍ • h,ps:/ /github.com/philipwalton/flexbugs • Flexboxͷόά·ͱΊ •
※ใࠂ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍όάଟ͍
2. CSS Custom Proper/es for Cascading Variables • ҎԼ Custom
Proper-es • ϓϩύςΟͷΛมͱͯ͠ཧ͢Δ͘͠Έ • CSSͷʮநԽͰ͖ͳ͍ʯͷͻͱͭͷղܾࡦ
Custom Proper,es ϒϥβରԠঢ়گ
Custom Proper,esͷఆٛͱ༻ :root { --thumbnailSize: 40px; --mainColor: #55acee; } .logo
{ fill: var(--mainColor); } .thumbnail { width: var(--thumbnailSize, 32px); height: var(--thumbnailSize, 32px); border-radius: 100%; }
Custom Proper,esΛ͏্Ͱͷҙ • Custom Proper-esΧεέʔσΟϯάͷର • var()ؔͷ࣮ߦͷλΠϛϯά
Custom Proper,esͷΧεέʔσΟϯά <section> <h1 id="title">λΠτϧ</h1> </section> :root { --textColor: red;
} #title { --textColor: green; } h1 { --textColor: blue; } h1 { color: var(--textColor); /* green */ }
var()ؔͷ࣮ߦͷλΠϛϯά <section> <h1 id="title">λΠτϧ</h1> </section> :root { --textColor: red; }
#title { --textColor: blue; } section { color: var(--textColor); } h1 { color: inherit; /* red */ } var()ؔͷධՁܧঝΑΓઌʹߦΘΕΔ
3. tabatkins / specs • by Tab Atkins Jr. •
in CSSWG, Google • Flexboxͱ͔CustomProper?esͷΤ σΟλ • ࣗͷϦϙδτϦʹCSSͷ༷ΛఏҊ
3. tabatkins / specs • Nes%ng • will-change • font-display
• @apply • @extend • etc...
Ͱ·ͩ·ͩ͑ͳ͍ΜͰ͠ΐʁ
͑·͢ʂ ͦ͏ɺPostCSS ͳΒͶɻ
3. CSSͷ৽͍༷͠ʢ·ͱΊʣ • Flexbox • ॊೈͳϨΠΞτͷͨΊͷ༷ • Custom Proper1es •
CSSͰมΛ͏ͨΊͷػߏ • tabatkins / specs • GoogleΤϯδχΞͷఏҊ
Agenda 1. CSSͷ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍༷͠ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ
4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ • ϓϦϓϩηοαʔͷར༻͕ͨΓલͷ࣌ʢҟೝΊΔʣ • Sass, Less, Stylus, etc •
ʮநԽɾߏԽ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ʯͷղܾࡦ • ࠷దԽ • minify, ΫϩεϒϥβରԠ, ϓϩύςΟͷιʔτ, etc • ϦϯλʔͱϑΥʔϚολʔ
PostCSSͰશ෦Ͱ͖ΔΑʂ
PostCSS ͱ • by Andrey Sitnik • Transforming styles with
JS plugins • PostCSSࣗମCSSύʔαʔ • ASTΛૢ࡞͢ΔAPIΛఏڙ • ASTͷૢ࡞શͯϓϥάΠϯ͕୲
PostCSSͷॲཧͷྲྀΕ
ϓϦϓϩηοαʔͱͯ͠ͷPostCSS • ݴޠ֦ு༻ϓϥάΠϯ • cssnext, precss, atcss, etc
cssnext ະདྷͷCSSͷߏจΛࠓͷϒϥβ͕ղऍͰ͖Δ Α͏ʹτϥϯεύΠϧ͢ΔPostCSSϓϥάΠϯू h"p:/ /cssnext.io/
Custom Proper,es input: :root { --fontSize-m: 18px; } p {
font-size: var(--fontSize-m); } output: p { font-size: 18px; }
Custom media queries input: @custom-media --small-viewport (max-width: 600px); @media (--small-viewport)
{ /* styles for small viewport */ } output: @media (max-width: 600px) { /* styles for small viewport */ }
Custom selectors input: @custom-selector :--heading h1, h2, h3; article :--heading
{ margin-bottom: 2em; } output: article h1, article h2, article h3 { margin-bottom: 2em; }
@apply input: :root { --truncate: { white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis; } } p { @apply --truncate; } output: p { white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; }
@extend input: .error { color: red; } .serious-error { @extend
.error; } output: .error, .serious-error { color: red; }
ϓϦϓϩηοαʔͱͯ͠PostCSSΛ͏ϝϦοτ • ඞཁͳػೳ͚ͩΛબͰ͖Δ • ΧελϚΠζ͕༰қ • ύϑΥʔϚϯε
ඞཁͳػೳ͚ͩΛબ • ʮSassͬͯΔ͚Ͳ@importͱม͚ͩ͋Ε͍͍Θʔʯ • ʮmixinͱ͔extendཧͰ͖ͳ͍͔Βͬͯͳ͍ʯ • PostCSSͳΒඞཁͳϓϥάΠϯ͚ͩΛՃͰ͖Δ
ΧελϚΠζ͕༰қ • ։ൃऀPostCSSͷϓϥάΠϯΛ࡞Δ͜ͱͰࣗ༝ʹCSSʹมॲ ཧΛՃ͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ • 1ͭ1ͭͷϓϥάΠϯখ͍͞ͷͰίϯτϦϏϡʔτ͍͢͠ • SassʹίϯτϦϏϡʔτͰ͖·͔͢ʁ
ύϑΥʔϚϯε PostCSS: 42 ms Rework: 68 ms (1.6 times slower)
libsass: 77 ms (1.9 times slower) Less: 142 ms (3.4 times slower) Stylus: 200 ms (4.8 times slower) Stylecow: 259 ms (6.2 times slower) Ruby Sass: 877 ms (21.0 times slower) h"ps:/ /github.com/postcss/benchmark
ͦͷଞPostCSSϓϥάΠϯ
Autoprefixer Can I UseͷσʔλΛࢀরͯ͠ ϕϯμʔϓϦϑΟοΫεΛࣗಈ Ͱ༩͢Δπʔϧ h"ps:/ /github.com/postcss/autoprefixer
cssnano CSSͷminifyπʔϧ h"ps:/ /github.com/ben-eb/cssnano
stylelint ϞμϯCSSϦϯλʔ h"ps:/ /github.com/stylelint/stylelint
stylefmt stylelintͷϧʔϧΛݩʹCSSΛ ϑΥʔϚοτ h"ps:/ /github.com/morishi"er/stylefmt
PostCSS.parts h"p:/ /postcss.parts
4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔʢ·ͱΊʣ • PostCSSͱ • Node.jsCSSύʔαʔ • cssnext • ະདྷͷγϯλοΫεΛτϥϯεύΠϧ
• ଞͷPostCSSϓϥάΠϯ • Autoprefixer, cssnano, stylelint, stylefmt, etc..
Agenda 1. CSSͷ 2. CSSͷઃܭख๏ 3. CSSͷ৽͍༷͠ 4. CSSϞμϯϏϧυϑϩʔ
Thanks :D Any ques)ons? @morishi(er_