Byzantine Art

Transcript

1. Art  of  Byzan,um  
   Reading  
   Stokstad,  232-­‐263  
    
   Range  
   395-­‐1453  CE  
   Byzan1ne  
    
   Terms/Concepts  
   penden,ve,  squinch,  luminosity,  
   Nika  Revolt,  Jus,nian,  patronage,  
   martyr,  martyrdom,  apse,  
   caesaropapism,  diptych.  
   Monument  List  
     8-­‐12,  St.  Michael  the  
   Archangel,  Ivory  Panel,  
   Constan,nople,  6th  Century  CE  
     8-­‐4,  Anthemius  of  Tralles  and  
   Isidorus  of  Miletus,    Church  of  
   Hagia  Sophia,    (Interior),    
   532-­‐537.      
     Not  in  Book,  Jus,nian  as  
   defender  of  the  faith,  
   (Barberini  Ivory),  mid-­‐sixth  
   century  CE.  
     8-­‐8,  Emperor  Jus,nian  and  his  
   AVendants,    San  Vitale,  
   Ravenna,  c.546-­‐548.      
   

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2. Reminders  
   •  Mythological  Comparison  is  due  NEXT  
   THURSDAY  April  11.  
   •  Final  Exam  is  on  Tuesday  May    14th  8:00-­‐10:00  
   AM  in  Tivoli  Theater  12.  
   

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3. Could  be  another  
   angel  or  an  
   emperor  receiving  
   this  orb.  
   Diptych  =  Di  (Two)  Ptukhe  (Fold)  
   

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5. Wing  
   

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6. The  Birth  of  Byzan,um  
   395  CE  
   Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
   into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
   *By  476,  all  of  Italy  was  under  the  control  of  the  Ostrogoths.  
   Byzan,ne  Empire  
   

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7. Underlying the surprising achievements of
   the Late Empire was an enormous volume of
   trade. For example, fifth- and sixth-century
   wine and oil amphorae are found in bulk
   throughout the Mediterranean and beyond at
   sites like Tintagel in Cornwall. This exchange of
   commodities helped to support patronage.
   SPLENDID SILKS AND JEWELLED METALWORK in this wall
   mosaic in St Vitale, Ravenna (AD 546–547) of the
   Emperor Justinian and his retinue emphasize
   luxury and eastern contacts.
   L
   ycus
   S E A O F M A R M A R A ( P r o p o n t i s )
   G
   O
   LDE
   N
   H
   O
   RN
   (Chry
   sokeras)
   BOSPORUS
   PSAMATHIA
   EXOKI
   O
   NION
   P
   HANARION
   EXOPHILOPAT
   ION
   PHILADELPHION
   XEROLOPHOS
   DEUTERON
   PEMPTON
   BLACHERNAE
   STRATEGION
   SYCAE
   ACROPOLIS
   TRITON
   BLANGA
   Harbour of
   Theodosius
   Cistern of
   St Mocius
   Golden
   Gate
   Cistern of
   Aetius
   Gate of
   Charisius
   Church of the Mother of God
   Gate of Plataea
   Cistern
   of Aspar
   Aqueduct
   of Valens
   Harbour of
   Kontoskalion
   Hippodrome
   Augusteum
   Hagia Sophia
   St Irene
   Baths of Zeuxippus
   Imperial Palace
   Forum of Constantine
   Sts Sergius and Bacchus
   Forum of
   Theodosius
   Forum of
   Arcadius
   Church of
   the Holy Apostles
   mese
   mese
   Wall of Theodosius (AD
   413)
   Wall of Constantine (AD
   3
   30)
   N
   0
   0
   1 miles
   1.5 kms
   3 Constantinople
   wall
   cistern
   major building
   built-up area by c. AD 413
   church
   Byzan,ne  Constan,nople  
   Originally  consecrated  
   by  Constan,ne  in  330.  
   Hailed  as  “New  Rome.”  
   

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8. The  Tumultuous  Rise  of  Jus,nian  
   Jus,nian  (527-­‐565)  
   In  532  CE,  just  five  years  aeer  Jus,nian  came  
   into  power,  the  Nika  Revolt  threatened  the  
   stability  of  his  reign.  
   71
   tradition of organized forest management.
   Underlying the surprising achievements of
   the Late Empire was an enormous volume of
   trade. For example, fifth- and sixth-century
   wine and oil amphorae are found in bulk
   throughout the Mediterranean and beyond at
   sites like Tintagel in Cornwall. This exchange of
   commodities helped to support patronage.
   SPLENDID SILKS AND JEWELLED METALWORK in this wall
   mosaic in St Vitale, Ravenna (AD 546–547) of the
   Emperor Justinian and his retinue emphasize
   luxury and eastern contacts.
   L
   ycus
   S E A O F M A R M A R A ( P r o p o n t i s )
   G
   O
   LDE
   N
   H
   O
   RN
   (Chry
   sokeras)
   BOSPORUS
   KASHMIR
   PSAMATHIA
   EXOKI
   O
   NION
   P
   HANARION
   EXOPHILOPAT
   ION
   PHILADELPHION
   XEROLOPHOS
   DEUTERON
   XEROLOPHOS
   PEMPTON
   BLACHERNAE
   STRATEGION
   SYCAE
   ACROPOLIS
   TRITON
   BLANGA
   Harbour of
   Theodosius
   Cistern of
   St Mocius
   Golden
   Gate
   Cistern of
   Aetius
   Gate of
   Charisius
   Church of the Mother of God
   Gate of Plataea
   Cistern
   of Aspar
   Aqueduct
   of Valens
   Harbour of
   Kontoskalion
   Hippodrome
   Augusteum
   Hagia Sophia
   St Irene
   Baths of Zeuxippus
   Imperial Palace
   Forum of Constantine
   Sts Sergius and Bacchus
   Forum of
   Theodosius
   Forum of
   Arcadius
   Church of
   the Holy Apostles
   mese
   mese
   Wall of Theodosius (AD
   413)
   Wall of Constantine (AD
   3
   30)
   N
   0
   0
   1 miles
   1.5 kms
   3 Constantinople
   wall
   cistern
   major building
   built-up area by c. AD 413
   church
   Constan,nople  
   

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9. View Slide

10. 240  Feet  
    270  Feet  
    

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11. 180  Feet  
    “Solomon  I  have  surpassed  thee.”  
    

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12. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of
    Miletus. Plan of Hagia Sophia.
    Constantinople (Istanbul). 532-537.
    (Stokstad 7-18)
    

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13. Structures:  Domes  
    Dome  on  Squinches   Dome  on  Penden,ves   Dome  on  a  cylinder  
    

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14. •  Pendentive: A concave, triangular section of a hemisphere, four of
    which provide the transition from a square area to circular base of a
    covering dome
    Pendentive
    

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15. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Interior of Church of
    Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul). 532-537. (See 8-4)
    Ribs
    Pendentive
    Pendentive
    

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16. View Slide

17. View Slide

18. “a  golden  chain  from  Heaven”  
    “the  firmament  which  rests  on  air”  
    

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19. “gilded  tesserae  from  which  a  gliVering  stream  
    of  golden  rays  pours  abundantly  and  strikes  
    men’s  eyes  with  irresis,ble  force.    It  is  as  if  one  
    were  gazing  at  the  midday  sun  in  spring.”  
    “Light  comes  from  the  Good  and  …light  is  
    the  visual  image  of  God.”  
    

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20. Who…shall  sing  the  marble  meadows  gathered  
    upon  the  mighty  walls  and  spreading  
    pavement…[There  is  stone]  from  the  green  
    flanks  of  Carystus  [and[  the  speckled  Phrygian  
    stone,  some,mes  rosy  mixed  with  white,  
    some,mes  gleaming  with  purple  and  silver  
    flowers.    There  is  a  wealth  of  porphyry  stone,  
    too,  besprinkled  with  liVle  bright  stars….You  
    may  see  the  bright  green  stone  of  Laconia  and  
    gliVering  marble  with  wavy  veins  found  the  
    deep  gullies  of  the  Iasian  peaks,  exhibi,ng  
    slan,ng  streaks  of  blood-­‐red  and  livid  white;  
    the  pale  yellow  with  swirling  red  from  the  
    Lydian  headland;  the  gliVering  crocus-­‐like  
    golden  stone  [of  Libya];….gliVering  [Cel,c]  
    black  [with]  here  and  there  abundance  of  milk;  
    the  pale  onyx  with  glint  of  precious  metal;  and  
    [Thessalian  marble]  in  parts  vivid  green  not  
    unlike  emerald….It  has  spots  resembling  snow  
    next  to  flashes  of  black  so  that  in  one  stone  
    various  beau,es  mingle.”  
    

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21. Men  
    Women  
    Clergy  
    Men  
    Women  
    “No  maVer  how  much  the  concentrate  their  
    aVen,on  on  this  and  that,  and  examine  
    everything  with  contracted  eyebrows,  they  
    are  unable  to  understand  the  craesmanship  
    and  always  depart  from  there  amazed  by  the  
    perplexing  spectacle.”  
    

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22. Converted  into  a  mosque  aeer  1453.  
    Minaret  
    Minaret  
    Minaret  
    Minaret  
    

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23. The  Fall  of  the  Western  Empire  
    395  CE  
    Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
    into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
    *By  476,  all  of  Italy  was  under  the  control  of  the  Ostrogoths.  
    Byzan,ne  Empire  
    410  
    418  
    402  
    476  
    

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24. EUROPE AD 300-600
    30
    30
    40
    20
    10
    0
    30
    Paris
    Troyes
    Trier
    Córdoba
    Cologne
    Genova
    Pisae
    Narbonne
    Bordeaux
    Saragossa
    Tarragona
    Cádiz
    Toledo
    Marseille
    Mediolanum
    Caralis
    Lyon
    Lisbon
    Besançon
    Leptis Magna
    Memphis
    Cyrene
    Sinope
    London
    York
    St Albans
    Arles
    Geneva
    Aquileia
    Ravenna
    Rome
    Naples
    Ephesus Antioch
    St Catherine’s
    Monastery
    Carthage
    Sabratha
    Nicopolis
    Athens
    Alexandria
    Philippi
    Thessalonica
    Trapezus
    Damascus
    Caesarea
    Bethlehem
    Jerusalem
    Mosul
    Constantinople
    Nicomedia
    S L A
    V
    S
    P I C T S
    C
    E
    L
    T
    S
    BASQUES
    B E R B E R S
    F I N N O -
    U G R I A N S
    S L A V S
    IRISH
    BRITONS
    IRISH
    A F R I C A
    SCANDINAVIA
    BRITAIN
    I B E R I A ITALY
    GREECE
    E G Y P T
    GAUL
    ASIA MINOR
    CORSICA
    SARDINIA
    SICILY
    CRETE
    CYPRUS
    BA
    LEARIC IS
    A L P S
    A T L A S M T S
    PYRENEES
    CAUCASUS
    S A H A R A
    ARABIAN
    DESERT
    Mt Sinai
    Dnieper
    D
    niester
    Rhône
    Loire
    Tagus
    Elbe
    Oder
    N
    ile
    Danube
    N O R T H
    S E A
    BALTIC SEA
    M E D I T
    E
    R
    R
    A N E A N S E A
    ENGLISH
    CHA
    N
    N
    EL
    A T L A N T I C
    O C E A N
    B L A C K S E A
    RED
    S
    EA
    370
    376
    455
    410
    439
    418
    406
    452
    N
    0
    0
    300 miles
    450 kms
    1 The Disintegration of the Roman Empire
    important churches
    Huns
    Vandals, Alans, Sueves
    Visigoths
    Burgundians
    Ostrogoths
    Angles, Saxons, Jutes
    Lombards
    Franks
    Empire of Justinian, AD 565
    successor kingdoms:
    East Roman Empire
    Kingdom of the Vandals
    Kingdom of the Visigoths
    Burgundian Kingdom
    Kingdom of the Ostrogoths
    Sasanian Empire
    Kingdom of the Sueves
    Frankish Kingdom
    1 THREATENED BY BARBARIANS through the fourth
    century and especially in the fifth century, the
    western empire collapsed, though many elements
    of its culture survived. The eastern empire was
    eventually able to deflect its enemies. Mainly of
    Germanic origin, the barbarians were forced
    westwards by pressure from the nomads of
    central Asia.
    The  Conquest  of  the  West  
    Byzan,ne  Empire  
    “An  able  Goth  wants  to  be  like  a  Roman;  only  a  
    poor  Roman  would  want  to  be  like  a  Goth.”  
     –Theodoric,  King  of  the  Visigoths  
    

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25. Jus,nian  and  the  Byzan,ne  Empire  
    Jus,nian  (527-­‐565)  
    “We  believe  that  the  first  and  greatest  blessing  for  all  mankind  
    is  the  confession  of  the  Chris,an  faith…to  the  end  that  it  may  
    be  universally  established…we  have  deemed  it  our  sacred  duty  
    to  admonish  any  offenders.”  
    

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26. Jus,nian  as  Victor  
    

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29. “At  the  summit  of  the  column  stands  a  
    huge  bronze  hors  turned  towards  the  
    east,  a  most  noteworthy  sight….Upon  this  
    horse  is  mounted  a  bronze  image  of  the  
    Emperor  like  a  colossus….He  wears  a  
    cuirass  in  heroic  fashion  and  his  head  is  
    covered  with  a  helmet…and  a  kind  
    radiance  flashes  forth  from  there….He  
    gazes  towards  the  rising  sun,  steering  his  
    course,  I  suppose,  against  the  Persians.    
    In  his  lee  hand  he  holds  a  globe,  by  which  
    the  sculptor  has  signified  that  the  whole  
    earth  and  sea  were  subject  to  him,  yet  he  
    carries  neither  sword  no  spear  nor  any  
    other  weapon,  but  a  cross  surmounts  his  
    globe,  by  virtue  of  which  alone  he  has  
    won  the  kingship  and  victory  in  war.    
    Stretching  forth  his  right  hand  towards  
    the  regions  of  the  East  and  spreading  out  
    his  fingers,  he  commands  the  barbarians  
    that  dwell  there  to  remain  at  home  and  
    not  to  advance  any  further.”  
    

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34. Conquered  
    Heathens  and  
    Barbarians  giving  
    Tribute.  
    

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35. Military  officer  
    presen,ng  a  
    trophy  to  
    Jus,nian.  
    

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36. Christ  Blessing  
    Jus,nian  
    

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37. Jus,nian  and  the  Byzan,ne  Empire  
    Jus,nian  (527-­‐565)  
    By  554,  Jus,nian  had  reclaimed  lands  previously  held  by  the  
    barbarian  tribes.    
    

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38. San  Vitale  
    

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41. Central  
    Domed  
    Area  
    Narthex  
    

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42. Plan  
    

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44. Plan  
    

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46. Saint  Vitalis  presented  with  
    the  crown  of  martyrdom  
    

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47. Bishop  Ecclesius  presen,ng  San  
    Vitale  to  Christ  
    

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48. Paradise had four rivers, which are depicted beneath Christ.
    

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50. *The  mosaics  are  located  where  the  Eucharist  
    would  have  been  prepared  and  given.  
    

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52. Chi-­‐Rho  
    

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54. Cri,cal  Thinking  Ques,ons  
    1.  How  does  Byzan,ne  art  have  one  foot  in  the  
    Roman  world  and  one  foot  in  the  Medieval  
    world?  
    2.  What  role  does  luminosity  play  in  the  
    architecture  and  decora,on  of  the  Hagia  
    Sophia?  
    3.  How  is  both  royal  and  church  patronage  shown  
    in  the  mosaics  of  San  Vitale  in  Ravenna?  
    4.  What  is  a  martyr?  How  are  the  important  figures  
    in  the  church?  
    

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