を満たすとHNDL攻撃が成功 • X:賞味期限の例 ◦ 0年:ワンタイムパスワード ◦ 50年:国家機密 • Y:PQC移⾏期間の例 ◦ 0年:AESのパラメーター変更 ◦ 10年:鍵交換のPQC化 ※ Michele Mosca “Cybersecurity in an era with quantum computers: will we be ready?”, 2015.
Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards ◦ ⽶国連邦政府システムは2035年までにPQCへ移⾏すべし • CNSA 2.0(2022年9⽉公開) ◦ アメリカ国家安全保障局(NSA)による暗号アルゴリズムスイート ◦ ⽶国国家安全保障システム(NSS)は2035年までにPQC移⾏すべし ◦ NSA expects the transition to QR algorithms for NSS to be complete by 2035 in line with NSM-10.
the default parameter set, as it provides a large security margin at a reasonable performance cost. In cases where this is impractical or even higher security is required, other parameter sets may be used. (NIST FIPS 203) ※ 鍵交換系のみ • NISTは安全性をレベル1から5まで設定 • X25519(L1)からML-KEM-768(L3)への移⾏が進⾏中 レベル 基準 (計算量) 耐量子暗号 古典暗号 Level 1 AES-128 ML-KEM-512 X25519 (現在の標準) Level 3(推奨) AES-192 ML-KEM-768 (PQC時代の標準) P-384 Level 5(政府・金融 ) AES-256 ML-KEM-1024 P-521
tiny probability of decapsulation failure. That is, even if Alice and Bob perform their roles honestly and the public key and ciphertext are transmitted correctly, there is a tiny probability that Alice and Bob will not derive the same shared key. However, even though that is a theoretical possibility, practically speaking this will never happen. For all three parameter sets, the probability is so low that most likely an actual decapsulation failure because of this will never be seen for any ML-KEM exchange anywhere (not only for your protocol, but over all protocols that use ML-KEM). Hence, the advice we give is to ignore the possibility. ※ https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-sfluhrer-cfrg-ml-kem-security-considerations/ ※ KEMのカプセル化= RSAの「共通鍵を公開鍵で暗号化」に相当する操作 気にすんな
2>&1 | grep 'kex: algo' debug1: kex: algorithm: sntrup761x25519-sha512 • 対応プロトコル確認 ◦ サーバー : $ nmap --script ssh2-enum-algos -p 22 example.com ◦ クライアント : $ ssh -Q kex • 10.1(2025/10)から非PQC通信を警告 ** WARNING: connection is not using a post-quantum key exchange algorithm. ** This session may be vulnerable to "store now, decrypt later" attacks. ** The server may need to be upgraded. See https://openssh.com/pq.html ※ https://github.blog/engineering/platform-security/post-quantum-security-for-ssh-access-on-github/ ※ https://www.openssh.org/pq.html