Word Frequency Dominance and L2 Word Recognition/VocabatTokyo
Tamura, Y., Morita, M., & Nishimura, Y. (2016). Word frequency dominance and L2 word recognition in English. Paper presented at [email protected], Meiji Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan.
• Recognition process • Visual word recognition • How morphology is processed in reading • Auditory word recognition • How morphology is processed in listening Introduction 8 Morphological Processing
• Recognition process • Visual word recognition • How morphology is processed in reading • Auditory word recognition • How morphology is processed in listening Introduction 9 Morphological Processing
• The more frequent, the faster • Three positions of the morphological processing mechanism • Full-form storage model (e.g., Sereno & Jongman, 1997) • Obligatory decomposition (e.g., Taft, 2004) • Dual-route model (e.g., Baayen, Dijkstra, & Schreuder, 1997) Background 13 Frequency Effects
• The more frequent, the faster processing • Three positions of the morphological processing mechanism • Full-form storage model (e.g., Sereno & Jongman, 1997) • Obligatory decomposition (e.g., Taft, 2004) • Dual-route model (e.g., Baayen, Dijkstra, & Schreuder, 1997) Background 14 Frequency Effects
• Full-form storage model (e.g., Sereno & Jongman, 1997) • Base forms and inflected forms • stored separately • show frequency effects Background 15 Frequency Effects rule rules rule rules
• The more frequent, the faster processing • Three positions of the morphological processing mechanism • Full-form storage model (e.g.,Sereno & Jongman, 1997) • Obligatory decomposition (e.g., Taft, 2004) • Dual-route model (e.g., Baayen, Dijkstra, & Schreuder, 1997) Background 16 Frequency Effects
• Obligatory decomposition (e.g., Taft, 2004) • Inflected forms • are always decomposed • do not show frequency effects Background 17 Frequency Effects rule rules rule rules
• The more frequent, the faster processing • Three positions of the morphological processing mechanism • Full-form storage model (e.g., Sereno & Jongman, 1997) • Obligatory decomposition (e.g., Taft, 2004) • Dual-route model (e.g., Baayen, Dijkstra, & Schreuder, 1997) Background 18 Frequency Effects
• Dual-route model (e.g., Baayen, Dijkstra, & Schreuder, 1997) • Frequently occurred inflected forms • are processed as a whole • show frequency effects Background 19 Frequency Effects kid kids kid kids rule rules rule rules High frequent inflected forms Low frequent inflected forms faster
• Frequency difference between base forms and inflected forms • Singular-dominant nouns • Singular (base) forms > plural (inflected) forms • e.g., ball, box • Plural-dominant nouns • Plural (inflected) forms > singular forms (base) • e.g., kids, tears Background 20 Frequency Dominance
• Baayen et al. (1997) • Dutch • No Reaction Time (RT) difference between • Plural dominant plurals and plural dominant singulars • Highly frequent inflected forms would not be decomposed but processed as a whole • Support dual-route model • New et al. (2004) • French and English • Support Baayen et al. (1997) Background 21 Frequency Dominance
• Morita (2007) • Investigated whether the frequency of the inflected words would affect the processing of the base forms • Cumulative frequency (sg + pl) predicts the lexical decision time for native speakers of English • -> dual-route or decomposition • Surface frequency (sg only) predicts the lexical decision time for Japanese L2 learners of English • -> full-form strage? Background 22 Frequency Dominance
• How do L2 learners of English process and represent regularly inflected words? • Hypothesis • If… • frequent inflected forms < infrequent base forms -> highly frequent inflected forms are processed as a whole • frequent inflected forms > infrequent base forms -> inflected words are decomposed • frequent inflected forms > infrequent inflected forms -> frequency of the base forms matter Background 23 Research Questions
• 72 Japanese undergraduate students Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the TOEIC score The Present Study 26 Participants N M SD Min Max TOEIC score 72 575.42 104.19 325 800
1. Frequency list of nouns (both singular and plural forms) from British National Corpus (BNC) 2. 18 words which double or triple in frequency of singular form compared to plural form -> singular- dominant words The Present Study 27 Stimuli
3. 18 words which double or triple in frequency of plural form compared to singular form -> plural dominant words 4. 18 words whose frequency of singular and plural form was almost same. -> control words The Present Study 28 Stimuli
• The cumulative frequency (sg + pl) was controlled among the three groups Table 2. Mean Frequency and SD in Parentheses The Present Study 29 Stimuli k singular plural base sg-domminant 18 69.865 (25.849) 21.684 (10.931) 91.549 (34.342) pl-dominant 18 22.571 (18.661) 69.898 (43.345) 92.469 (59.779) control 18 47.064 (23.202) 43.893 (24.664) 90.958 (46.185) Note. frequency is based on per million
The Present Study 30 Stimuli Table 3. List of Test Items singular-dominant plural-dominant control concept image parent proceeding topic element film ball pound kid rabbit trend science target standard tear bone secret jacket video pupil resident store lesson box hat individual finding principle firm colour map detail critic horse step bar context relation boot rule drug network station resource participant function sport college tower skill chemical plant document
• Judge whether the target words were real English words or not • 54 test items (18*3) presented either in singular or plural form • Carefully counterbalanced • The same number of filler items were included The Present Study 31 Lexical Decision Task
• Singular forms judged faster than plural forms irrespective of the frequency dominance • Singular forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant • Plural forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant Discussion 42 Summary of the Results
• Singular forms judged faster than plural forms irrespective of the frequency dominance • Singular forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant • Plural forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant Discussion 43 Summary of the Results
• Singular forms judged faster than plural forms irrespective of the frequency dominance • Pl-dominant plurals did not show frequency advantage • L2 learners always decompose plural inflections Discussion 44 Morphological Processing
• Singular forms judged faster than plural forms irrespective of the frequency dominance • Singular forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant • Plural forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant Discussion 45 Summary of the Results
• Singular forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant • Surface frequency advantage was only found between sg-dominant and pl-dominant • No clear evidence of the surface frequency effect • Frequency of the inflected forms had no effect on the RT for the base forms Discussion 46 Morphological Processing
• Singular forms judged faster than plural forms irrespective of the frequency dominance • Singular forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant • Plural forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant Discussion 47 Summary of the Results
• Plural forms • sg-dominant = control < pl-dominant • No frequency advantage for pl-dominant plurals • No evidence of direct access to the plural forms • High frequency inflected words were decomposed • Access latency for inflected forms might be affected by base form frequency Discussion 48 Morphological Processing
• The experiment only focused on the surface frequency (cumulative frequency was controlled) • The results were entirely on the basis of lexical decision task -> priming task etc. might be needed Discussion 49 Limitations
• How do L2 learners of English process and represent regularly inflected words? • They decompose the inflected words irrespective of frequency dominance -> Obligatory decomposition? • No RT difference between control words and sg-dominant words • There still remains the possibility that L2 learners access abstract lexical entries which include both singular and plural forms Conclusion 52
Word Frequency Dominance and L2 Word Recognition contact info Yu Tamura Nagoya University [email protected] http://www.tamurayu.wordpress.com/ 53 • Base form frequency seems to matter • Inflected words always decomposed • L2 learners access abstract lexical entries (sg + pl forms)
Baayen, R. H., Lieber, R., & Schreuder, R. (1997). The morphological complexity of simplex nouns. Linguistics, 35, 861–877. doi:10.1515/ling.1997.35.5.861 Morita, M. (2007) nihonjin eigo gakusyusya no meishi tansuukei ninshiki niokeru hinndo kouka: hyousou hindo to ruiseki hindo. [Frequency effects on recognition of singular nouns by Japanese learners of English: Surface frequency and cumulative frequency]. Bulletin of the Graduate School of Social & Cultural Systems at Yamagata University, 4, 9–19. New, B., Brysbaert, M., Segui, J., Ferrand, L., & Rastle, K. (2004). The processing of singular and plural nouns in French and English. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 568–585. Sereno, J. A., & Jongman, A. (1997). Processing of English inflectional morphology. Memory & Cognition, 25, 425–437. doi:10.3758/BF03201119 Taft, M. (2004). Morphological decomposition and the reverse base frequency effect. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology, 57, 745–765. References 54
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