Comparing Native Java REST API Frameworks - Manchester JUG 2022

Use Spring Boot! No, use Micronaut!! Nooooo, Quarkus is the best!!! What about Helidon?

There are a lot of developers praising the hottest, and fastest, Java REST frameworks: Micronaut, Quarkus, Spring Boot, and Helidon. In this session, you'll learn how to do the following with each framework:

✅ Build a REST API
✅ Secure your API with OAuth 2.0
✅ Optimize for production with Docker and GraalVM

I'll also share some performance numbers and pretty graphs to compare community metrics.

Related blog post: https://developer.okta.com/blog/2021/06/18/native-java-framework-comparison
Helidon companion post: https://developer.okta.com/blog/2022/01/06/native-java-helidon
GitHub repo: https://github.com/oktadev/native-java-examples
Manchester JUG PR: https://github.com/oktadev/native-java-examples/pull/54

Transcript

1. Matt Raible | @mraible October 26, 2022 Native Java REST API Comparison Micronaut, Quarkus, Spring Boot, and Helidon Photo by Chris Ford https:// fl ic.kr/p/97sLcj
2. @mraible Who is Matt Raible? Father, Husband, Skier, Mountain Biker, Whitewater Rafter Bus Lover Web Developer and Java Champion Okta Developer Advocate Blogger on raibledesigns.com and developer.okta.com/blog @mraible
6. developer.okta.com
7. developer.auth0.com
8. @mraible Today’s Agenda Why Java? Build { REST, GraphQL } APIs with Java Secure your APIs with OAuth 2.1 Build with Docker Go Native with GraalVM https://unsplash.com/photos/JsTmUnHdVYQ
9. @mraible Why Java? 25+ Years of use, abuse, and improvements Open Source code is available; many popular open source frameworks and tools Hugely Popular and widely used by many enterprises and web-scale companies
10. @mraible Download the Oracle builds of OpenJDK https://jdk.java.net/19 Or Eclipse builds from Adoptium https://adoptium.net Get Started with Java 19
11. @mraible Get Started with Java 19 Better yet, use SDKMAN! curl -s https://get.sdkman.io | bash 
 sdk install java 19-open
12. Java Releases and Features
13. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2020/01/09/java-rest-api-showdown Build REST APIs with Java
14. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2021/06/18/native-java-framework-comparison Build Native Java REST APIs
15. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2022/01/06/native-java-helidon Build REST APIs and Native Apps with Helidon
16. Serverless 💵 💸 https://unsplash.com/photos/glRqyWJgUeY
17. @mraible sdk install micronaut mn create-app com.okta.rest.app \ -b maven -f security-jwt -f micronaut-aot Get Started with Micronaut
18. https://micronaut.io/launch
19. package com.okta.rest.controller; import io.micronaut.http.MediaType; import io.micronaut.http.annotation.Controller; import io.micronaut.http.annotation.Get; import io.micronaut.http.annotation.Produces; import io.micronaut.security.annotation.Secured; import io.micronaut.security.rules.SecurityRule; import java.security.Principal; @Controller("/hello") public class HelloController { @Get @Secured(SecurityRule.IS_AUTHENTICATED) @Produces(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN) public String hello(Principal principal) { return "Hello, " + principal.getName() + "!"; } }
20. micronaut.security.token.jwt.enabled=true micronaut.security.token.jwt.signatures.jwks.okta.url= https://dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/default/v1/keys Micronaut JWT Security
21. micronaut.security.token.jwt.enabled=true micronaut.security.token.jwt.signatures.jwks.okta.url= https://dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/default/v1/keys Micronaut JWT Security https://micronaut-projects.github.io/micronaut-security/latest/guide/#jwt
22. Install HTTPie (a better cURL) $ <tool> install httpie https://httpie.org
23. Test Micronaut with HTTPie https://httpie.org mvn mn:run http :8080/hello TOKEN=eyJraWQiOiJxOE1QMjFNNHZCVmxOSkxGbFFWNlN... http :8080/hello Authorization:"Bearer $TOKEN"
24. Verify Micronaut API with HTTPie
25. @mraible Get Started with Quarkus sdk install quarkus quarkus create app com.okta.rest:quarkus quarkus ext add smallrye-jwt
26. @mraible mvn io.quarkus:quarkus-maven-plugin:2.13.3.Final:create \ -DprojectGroupId=com.okta.rest \ -DprojectArtifactId=quarkus \ -DclassName="com.okta.rest.quarkus.HelloResource" \ -Dpath="/hello" \ -Dextensions="smallrye-jwt,resteasy-reactive" Get Started with Quarkus
27. https://code.quarkus.io
28. package com.okta.rest.quarkus; import io.quarkus.security.Authenticated; import javax.ws.rs.GET; import javax.ws.rs.Path; import javax.ws.rs.Produces; import javax.ws.rs.core.Context; import javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType; import javax.ws.rs.core.SecurityContext; import java.security.Principal; @Path("/hello") public class HelloResource { @GET @Authenticated @Produces(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN) public String hello(@Context SecurityContext context) { Principal userPrincipal = context.getUserPrincipal(); return "Hello, " + userPrincipal.getName() + "!"; } }
29. mp.jwt.verify.publickey.location= https://dev-133337.okta.com/ oauth2/default/v1/keys mp.jwt.verify.issuer=https:// dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/ default MicroProfile JWT Security https://www.eclipse.org/community/eclipse_newsletter/2017/september/article2.php
30. mp.jwt.verify.publickey.location= https://dev-133337.okta.com/ oauth2/default/v1/keys mp.jwt.verify.issuer=https:// dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/ default MicroProfile JWT Security https://www.eclipse.org/community/eclipse_newsletter/2017/september/article2.php
32. Test Quarkus with HTTPie https://httpie.org mvn quarkus:dev http :8080/hello TOKEN=eyJraWQiOiJxOE1QMjFNNHZCVmxOSkxGbFFWNlN... http :8080/hello Authorization:"Bearer $TOKEN"
33. Verify Quarkus API with HTTPie
34. @mraible Get Started with Spring Boot https start.spring.io/starter.zip \ bootVersion==3.0.0-RC1 \ dependencies==web,oauth2-resource-server,native \ packageName==com.okta.rest \ name==spring-boot \ type==maven-project \ baseDir==spring-boot | tar -xzvf -
35. https://start.spring.io https://start.spring.io
36. package com.okta.rest.controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import java.security.Principal; @RestController public class HelloController { @GetMapping("/hello") public String hello(Principal principal) { return "Hello, " + principal.getName() + "!"; } }
37. Spring Security OAuth 2.0 Resource Server https://docs.spring.io/spring-security/reference/servlet/oauth2/resource-server okta.oauth2.issuer=https://dev-133337.okta.com/ oauth2/default
38. Test Spring Boot with HTTPie https://httpie.org mvn spring-boot:run http :8080/hello TOKEN=eyJraWQiOiJxOE1QMjFNNHZCVmxOSkxGbFFWNlN... http :8080/hello Authorization:"Bearer $TOKEN"
39. Verify Spring Boot API with HTTPie
40. @mraible Get Started with Helidon mvn -U archetype:generate -DinteractiveMode=false \ -DarchetypeGroupId=io.helidon.archetypes \ -DarchetypeArtifactId=helidon-quickstart-mp \ -DarchetypeVersion=3.0.2 \ -DgroupId=com.okta.rest \ -DartifactId=helidon \ -Dpackage=com.okta.rest
41. https://helidon.io/starter
42. The Helidon CLI
43. import io.helidon.security.Principal; import io.helidon.security.annotations.Authenticated; import jakarta.ws.rs.GET; import jakarta.ws.rs.Path; import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Context; @Path("/hello") public class HelloResource { @Authenticated @GET public String hello(@Context SecurityContext context) { return "Hello, " + context.userName() + "!"; } }
44. import com.okta.rest.controller.HelloResource; import org.eclipse.microprofile.auth.LoginConfig; import jakarta.enterprise.context.ApplicationScoped; import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Application; import java.util.Set; @LoginConfig(authMethod = "MP-JWT") @ApplicationScoped public class HelloApplication extends Application { @Override public Set<Class<? >> getClasses() { return Set.of(HelloResource.class); } }
45. MicroProfile JWT Security mp.jwt.verify.issuer=https://dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/default mp.jwt.verify.publickey.location=${mp.jwt.verify.issuer}/v1/keys https://download.eclipse.org/microprofile/microprofile-jwt-auth-2.0/microprofile-jwt-auth-spec-2.0.html <dependency> <groupId>io.helidon.microprofile.jwt</groupId> <artifactId>helidon-microprofile-jwt-auth</artifactId> </dependency>
46. Test Helidon with HTTPie https://httpie.org mvn package && java -jar target/helidon.jar http :8080/hello TOKEN=eyJraWQiOiJxOE1QMjFNNHZCVmxOSkxGbFFWNlN... http :8080/hello Authorization:"Bearer $TOKEN"
47. Verify Helidon API with HTTPie
48. @mraible Startup Performance Milliseconds 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon 1,098 919 372 270 689 1,072 234 Dev Startup (mvn) Packaged Startup (java -jar)
49. @mraible What about GraphQL APIs? Why GraphQL? Does your favorite framework support GraphQL? Micronaut https://micronaut-projects.github.io/micronaut-graphql/latest/guide Quarkus https://quarkus.io/guides/smallrye-graphql Spring Boot https://spring.io/projects/spring-graphql Helidon https://helidon.io/docs/v3/#/mp/graphql
50. @mraible Secure your API with OAuth 2.1 https://aaronparecki.com/2019/12/12/21/its-time-for-oauth-2-dot-1
51. @mraible Secure your API with OAuth 2.1 https://oauth.net/2.1 PKCE is required for all clients using the authorization code flow Redirect URIs must be compared using exact string matching The Implicit grant is omitted from this specification The Resource Owner Password Credentials grant is omitted from this specification Bearer token usage omits the use of bearer tokens in the query string of URIs Refresh tokens for public clients must either be sender-constrained or one-time use
52. @mraible Authenticate with OpenID Connect (OIDC) What is OpenID Connect? Does your favorite framework support OIDC authentication? Micronaut https://guides.micronaut.io/latest/micronaut-oauth2-okta.html Quarkus https://quarkus.io/guides/security-openid-connect-web-authentication Spring Boot https://docs.spring.io/spring-security/reference/servlet/oauth2/login Helidon https://helidon.io/docs/v3/#/mp/security/providers#OIDC-Provider
53. What about testing?
54. @mraible Build with Docker Create a Dockerfile 
 FROM openjdk:19-alpine ARG JAR_FILE=target/*.jar COPY ${JAR_FILE} app.jar EXPOSE 8080 ENTRYPOINT ["java","-jar","/app.jar"]
55. @mraible Build with Docker Build your image docker build -t <tag-name> . Run your image docker run -it -p 8080:8080 <tag-name>
56. @mraible Build with Docker: Jib Get Jibby with it! mvn verify jib:build Or build directly to your Docker daemon mvn verify jib:dockerBuild https://github.com/GoogleContainerTools/jib
57. @mraible Build with Docker Micronaut uses Jib, but you must configure plugins Quarkus generates four Docker-related files Dockerfile.jvm Dockerfile.legacy-jar Dockerfile.native Dockerfile.native-micro Quarkus + Jib mvn quarkus:add-extension -Dextensions="container-image-jib"
58. @mraible Build with Docker Spring Boot 2.3+ has built-in support mvn spring-boot:build-image Uses layered JARs for faster builds dependencies snapshot-dependencies resources application https://spring.io/blog/2020/01/27/creating-docker-images-with-spring-boot-2-3-0-m1
59. @mraible Build with Docker Helidon generates three Docker-related files Dockerfile Dockerfile.jlink Dockerfile.native Helidon + Jib Not available
60. @mraible Use Micronaut CLI mn create-app ... mvn package -Dpackaging=native-image gradle nativeImage gradle dockerBuildNative Go Native with GraalVM and Micronaut https://docs.micronaut.io/latest/guide/#graal
61. @mraible Go Native with GraalVM and Quarkus Create an executable without GraalVM installed mvn package -Pnative -Dquarkus.native.container-build=true Then, build the image docker build -f src/main/docker/Dockerfile.native -t \ <tag-name> . And run it docker run -it -p 8080:8080 <tag-name> https://quarkus.io/guides/building-native-image
62. @mraible Use start.spring.io to get plugins and profiles <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot </ groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin </ artifactId> <configuration> <image> <buildpacks> <buildpack>gcr.io/paketo-buildpacks/bellsoft-liberica:9.9.0-ea </ buildpack> <buildpack>gcr.io/paketo-buildpacks/java-native-image </ buildpack> </ buildpacks> </ image> </ configuration> </ plugin> Go Native with GraalVM and Spring Boot
63. @mraible Go Native with GraalVM and Spring Boot Add milestone repositories to your pom.xml <repositories> <repository> <id>spring-milestones </ id> <name>Spring Milestones </ name> <url>https: // repo.spring.io/milestone </ url> <snapshots><enabled>false </ enabled> </ snapshots> </ repository> </ repositories> <pluginRepositories> <pluginRepository> <id>spring-milestones </ id> <name>Spring Milestones </ name> <url>https: // repo.spring.io/milestone </ url> <snapshots><enabled>false </ enabled> </ snapshots> </ pluginRepository> </ pluginRepositories>
64. @mraible Go Native with GraalVM and Spring Boot Build the native application mvn native:compile -Pnative Build an image and Docker container mvn spring-boot:build-image -Pnative
65. @mraible Build the image docker build -f Dockerfile.native -t <tag-name> . And run it docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 <tag-name> Go Native with GraalVM and Helidon
66. @mraible Native Startup Performance (GraalVM 22.3) Milliseconds 0 10 20 30 40 50 October 26, 2022 43.2 39 20.6 18 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
67. @mraible Native Memory Used (MB) Megabytes 0 30 60 90 120 150 October 26, 2022 131 99 50 69 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
68. @mraible Tests Run on a 2021 MacBook Pro M1 Max
69. @mraible Demo Time! https://github.com/oktadev/native-java-examples
70. Community
71. @mraible Stack Overflow Tags 0 37,500 75,000 112,500 150,000 October 24, 2022 69 129,542 3,162 1,432 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
72. @mraible GitHub Stars 0 18,750 37,500 56,250 75,000 October 24, 2022 2,800 63,700 10,900 5,500 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
73. https://star-history.t9t.io/#micronaut-projects/micronaut-core&quarkusio/quarkus&spring-projects/spring-boot&oracle/helidon GitHub Star Growth
74. @mraible Jobs on Indeed (US) 0 6,000 12,000 October 24, 2022 9 10,653 194 86 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
75. @mraible Twitter Followers 0 30,000 60,000 90,000 120,000 October 24, 2022 4,024 93,800 16,100 12,300 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
76. @mraible JHipster Support 🤓 Micronaut Blueprint - github.com/jhipster/generator-jhipster-micronaut - v1.0.2, 18 releases, 17 contributors, 385 commits // TODO: Micronaut 3, Reactive, Microservices, GraalVM native images Quarkus Blueprint - github.com/jhipster/generator-jhipster-quarkus - v2.0.0-beta.1, 6 releases, 16 contributors, 550 commits // TODO: Quarkus 2.9, Dev Services, Reactive, Microservices
77. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2021/01/20/reactive-java-microservices
78. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2020/08/17/micronaut-jhipster-heroku
79. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2021/03/08/jhipster-quarkus-oidc
80. Intel vs M1 Max https://twitter.com/mraible/status/1509371877348843525
81. @mraible 🏆 Quarkus provides the best DevEx and memory usage 🚀 Micronaut is the easiest to use and starts the fastest 🌱 Spring Boot has the strongest community, ecosystem, and growth 🔮 Helidon still has some catching up to do but has made great progress ⚡ Spring Boot 3 not as fast as expected My Thoughts
82. @mraible Action! New to Java? Try Spring Boot Know Spring? Trial migration paths Testing is important, invest early and often Design your apps with security in mind Use OpenID Connect and OAuth 2.1 https://unsplash.com/photos/JsTmUnHdVYQ
83. developer.okta.com/blog/tags/java @oktadev
84. developer.auth0.com @auth0
85. git clone https://github.com/oktadeveloper/okta-spring-webflux-react- example.git https://github.com/oktadev/native-java-examples Use the Source, Luke!
86. Thanks! Keep in Touch raibledesigns.com @mraible Presentations speakerdeck.com/mraible Code github.com/oktadev developer.okta.com developer.auth0.com
87. developer.okta.com