Internet: A Series of Tubes

Presented at WaffleJS meetup in San Francisco, May 4 2016.

From the perspective of photons that transport the information, whether it is a tweet, a picture, or a chat message, our Internet is mostly just a series of tubes.

Transcript

1. Internet: A Series of Tubes
   https://unsplash.com/photos/ahi73ZN5P0Y
   

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3. TELL ME … DO YOU EVEN?
   

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5. RFC 1149: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers
   

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6. Semaphore Fire beacons Smoke signals
   

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7. Heliograph
   Receiver
   Transmitter
   

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8. Photophone
   

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9. Lossy medium
   Only straight line
   

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10. LASER = Amazing
    

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11. Monochromatic Coherent
    

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12. Fiber Optic
    

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13. Jacket: 400 µm
    Buffer: 250 µm
    Cladding: 125 µm
    Core: 8 µm
    

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14. Total Internal Reflection
    Cladding n = 1.44681
    Core n = 1.45205
    Attenuation (at 1550 nm) ~ 0.2 dB/km
    1% remaining power after 62 miles
    

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17. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_TAT-14.png by Alexrk2 CC-BY-SA-3.0
    3.2 Tb/s
    2 routes (north, south)
    4 fiber pairs
    40 channels of 10 Gb/s each
    

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18. 3.2 Tb/s
    In One Second
    8 Blueray discs
    

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19. Modulations
    Frequency-shift Keying (FSK)
    Amplitude-shift Keying (ASK)
    Phase-shift Keying (PSK)
    

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20. Wavelength-division Multiplexing
    MUX
    Single fiber
    DEMUX
    100 GHz chanel spacing ~ 1550 nm
    40 channels
    

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21. Optical Impairments
    Chromatic Dispersion
    Polarization Mode Dispersion
    Cross Phase Modulation
    Four-Wave Mixing
    Polarization Dependent Loss
    

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22. Even Higher Bitrate
    10 Gb/s
    100 Gb/s
    200 Gb/s
    31 Tb/s over 7,200 km
    155 channels × 200 Gb/s
    TAT-14: 0.4 Tb/s over 9,600 km
    40 channels × 10 Gb/s
    7.2 Tb/s over 6,500 km
    80 channels × 100 Gb/s
    New fiber type
    255 Tb/s over 1 km
    50 channels × 5.1 Tb/s
    

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23. “If I have seen further
    it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”
    Isaac Newton
    

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