Internet: A Series of Tubes

Presented at WaffleJS meetup in San Francisco, May 4 2016.

From the perspective of photons that transport the information, whether it is a tweet, a picture, or a chat message, our Internet is mostly just a series of tubes.

Transcript

1. Internet: A Series of Tubes https://unsplash.com/photos/ahi73ZN5P0Y
3. TELL ME … DO YOU EVEN?
5. RFC 1149: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers
6. Semaphore Fire beacons Smoke signals
7. Heliograph Receiver Transmitter
8. Photophone
9. Lossy medium Only straight line
10. LASER = Amazing
11. Monochromatic Coherent
12. Fiber Optic
13. Jacket: 400 µm Buffer: 250 µm Cladding: 125 µm Core: 8 µm
14. Total Internal Reflection Cladding n = 1.44681 Core n = 1.45205 Attenuation (at 1550 nm) ~ 0.2 dB/km 1% remaining power after 62 miles
17. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_TAT-14.png by Alexrk2 CC-BY-SA-3.0 3.2 Tb/s 2 routes (north, south) 4 fiber pairs 40 channels of 10 Gb/s each
18. 3.2 Tb/s In One Second 8 Blueray discs
19. Modulations Frequency-shift Keying (FSK) Amplitude-shift Keying (ASK) Phase-shift Keying (PSK)
20. Wavelength-division Multiplexing MUX Single fiber DEMUX 100 GHz chanel spacing ~ 1550 nm 40 channels
21. Optical Impairments Chromatic Dispersion Polarization Mode Dispersion Cross Phase Modulation Four-Wave Mixing Polarization Dependent Loss
22. Even Higher Bitrate 10 Gb/s 100 Gb/s 200 Gb/s 31 Tb/s over 7,200 km 155 channels × 200 Gb/s TAT-14: 0.4 Tb/s over 9,600 km 40 channels × 10 Gb/s 7.2 Tb/s over 6,500 km 80 channels × 100 Gb/s New fiber type 255 Tb/s over 1 km 50 channels × 5.1 Tb/s
23. “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Isaac Newton