Promise theory: from configuration management to team leadership - v1.1

I will talk about how I applied Promise Theory to managing a loose team of people to most of whom I don’t have a line of command.

Promise Theory was born in 2004 as Mark Burgess was looking for a model to describe CFEngine 3, the third major version of his Configuration Management system. It didn’t take long to Mark to realise that Promise Theory was suited to model any complex system, no matter of the nature of its parts (software, hardware, people, companies…) and that expressing complex systems in terms of “agents” and “promises” provided an insight in their complexity, helped design them for scalability, set realistic expectations for the outcomes.

I had used CFEngine a lot when I became the Head of IT in Telenor Digital, and thus the principles of the theory were quite clear to me. In my new role I had a lot of both operational and managerial tasks and an initial team size of one and then two. The challenge was big and borrowing help from other functions in the company was a necessity. A traditional management style was not going to work, so I decided to shape my own management style by using Promise Theory.

This talk is the report of the first year. It will introduce the audience to promise theory and the context where the idea of promise-based leadership was born, and then describe how those principles were used with a few practical, real-world examples. We’ll also talk about where our knowledge falls short and where this approach is not applicable.

Transcript

1. PROMISE THEORY ...enjoy the ride! From: Configuration Management To: Team Leadership Class Ticket type Adult Child STD RETURN ONE NIL telenor digital Start date Route Conductor March 9th, 2018 Incontro DevOps Italia Marco Marongiu Version 1.1 “Bologna”
2. Agenda • Me and Telenor Digital • A primer in Promise Theory • Putting it all together... • What’s here, what’s next, what we don’t know yet
3. Me and Telenor Digital
4. Who I am • Sysadmin for several organisations; in Opera Software (Oslo, Norway) 2010-2016, did lot of configuration management there (Puppet first, then CFEngine); • Leader of the 24/7 squad of the IT Services Management team in Tiscali (Italian ISP), June 2005 June 2006 (5 reports); ‑ • Head of the Systems group in Sardegna IT (agency of the Regional Government of Sardinia), November 2008 March 2009 (8 reports). ‑
5. Meet Telenor Digital • Part of the Telenor group, the biggest telephony operator in Norway with subsidiaries in Europe and Asia • Immersed in a “traditional” environment, yet modern – Agile methodologies – Heavily cloud-based – Freedom of experimentation, freedom to fail – Focus on innovation – DevOps culture
6. Telenor Digital’s IT before November 2016 • Routine work distributed across the company (e.g. on-/off- boarding of employees, order of equipment...) • Bigger IT tasks (e.g. office network, company-wide systems) looked after by skilled engineers, but on a case-by-case basis • IT was no-one’s job and no-one’s priority • Technical debt accumulated year after year and the organisation was now feeling the pressure of it • It was time for TD to get a dedicated IT team
7. Telenor Digital in November 2016 • I joined the company on November 1st, 2016 • Day-to-day tasks, the pile of legacy on my lap, different expectations coming from all directions • Lots of highly-important things, difficult to understand what should be on top and what should wait • One-man team until March 2017, a dozen helpers but no line of command to anyone.
9. Rethink leadership • Traditional, “line-of-command-based” leadership cannot work • To succeed, I needed to exploit my helpers’ autonomy – Notice how my helpers’ autonomy is exactly what makes the traditional leadership style fail… • What leadership style is suitable to coordinate a group of people who don’t report to you for the most part?
10. The three traits of my “leadership style” • You start by trusting each person in the team and being on their side • Don’t be a jerk • Don’t impose unless absolutely necessary
11. A primer in Promise Theory
12. Key concepts • An agent is anything that can promise an outcome or a capability (explicitly or implicitly)
13. Superagents
14. Superagents
15. Things to notice about agents • There will be agents making promises and agents using promises • They make promises voluntarily, and they try keep promises voluntarily (agents are autonomous) – Autonomy and voluntary cooperation are so key to promise theory that you must always keep them in mind when using it; • There may be boundaries, limits or conditions to where the promise holds; • If an agent is unwilling to cooperate you can try to incentivize its will to cooperate somehow, as long as promising what you want is in its capabilities; • ...or you can try to impose on an agent, YMMV.
16. Assessing promises • Who decides if a promise was kept or not? The agent making the promise or the agent using the promise? • There is an entire chapter in “Thinking in Promises” about assessing promises and it’s not only about assessing the outcome of an agent; however, in this particular talk we have to focus on assessing the outcome only. – Hint: you either have children or you were a child to someone: when parents ask a child to tidy his bedroom, who does the assessment of the outcome? • A successful outcome requires that the outcome is well specified in advance and is clear to both the agents making the promise and the agent using that promise.
17. Putting it all together...
19. Thinking in promises... • Helper == agent offering/promising me a service – Help with video conference systems: orders, accounts, contracts… – Help with hardware orders and supplies – Help with managing the office network in a remote office – Help with managing Jira projects and other requests regarding Atlassian tools • Agents may not be able to keep their promises – e.g. they may receive conflicting orders from their managers, and those take a higher priority • Me == agent using helpers’ promises, super-agent offering IT services to the company – Promise IT services to employees and manager, based on the promises used – Represent my network of promises to others,or disclose as much details as needed, depending on the agent requesting information
20. Advantages • I was not imposing on people; • I knew clearly what I could expect and by when, and what I could not expect – I was myself able to set realistic expectations for the IT team towards others – I was able to decide what tasks were better to take on and what were simply impossible to achieve at the current state.
21. There is more than “herding people” • Promise theory can be used to model processes – Design processes so that involved “agents” can promise to follow them • Promise-based leadership can be used with direct reports – Remember that impositions don’t guarantee the outcome, so there is no real advantage in using impositions instead of promises • Promise theory can show what is required from management to improve processes at scale.
22. What’s here What’s next What we don’t know yet
23. Establishing processes • How it works: understand what people can promise, then design processes around that; • What’s new with this process: minimum reliance on imposition, effective processes, almost no need for “police”; • Does it work? It does. • Open problem: one year is not enough to tell if it’s sustainable.
24. promise promise promise promise PB-OKR for a company: seems familiar? proposal can’t keep - reformulate proposal can’t keep - reformulate promise can’t accept - reformulate promise can’t accept - reformulate can’t keep - reformulate proposal can’t keep - reformulate can’t keep - reformulate proposal can’t keep - reformulate If you don’t know OKR: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJB83EZtAjc
25. IPv6 MTU path discovery https://selmanhaxhijaha.wordpress.com/tag/mtu-path-discovery/
26. ANY QUESTIONS?
27. Did you invent this thing?
29. Is it a new thing?
30. https://hbr.org/2007/04/promise-based-management-the-essence-of-execution
31. http://masteringbusinessanalysis.com/episode-015-promise-theory-for-team-cooperation-interview-with-mark-burgess/
32. http://ardencoaching.com/practicing-promise-based-leadership/
33. Is it just for team leadership or for management in general?
34. Isn’t this a subset of Scrum?
35. Summing up • A promise-based leadership style contributes to better relationships with the team, helps setting more realistic goals by making it clear which objectives are doable, which are a stretch and which are impossible; it also contributes to set the right expectations on the people “using” your team; • A promise-based leadership style has minimum reliance on imposition; instead, it relies on empowered team members and helps them develop so that they can promise more; • The implementation of promise-based leadership requires a company culture open to negotiations across different levels in the hierarchy, where it is OK to say “no” and “I can’t do that”.
36. Thank you! Marco Marongiu Email: brontolinux@gmail.com Twitter: @brontolinux Web: http://syslog.me/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcomarongiu
37. Inscription • This work is dedicated to: – Ann Karin Tonstad – Anna Kennedy – Anne Omholt – Christoffer Viken – Eva Reisersen – Eyvind Bernhardsen – Gro Kvamme Johnsen – Holger Ihrig – Jarrod Harbrucker – John Corrigan – Kristian Barek – Miha Pirc – Ole Kristian Brattli – Tina Stenberg – Tina Tan – Volker Hilsheimer – ...and all those who helped me and the IT team since I joined Telenor Digital