deepcarbon.net [email protected] Craig M. Schiffries, Director Deep Carbon Observatory Carnegie Institution of Washington China University of Geosciences, Beijing 9 August 2014
element of life • Carbon-based fuels supply most of our energy • Carbon-bearing molecules in the atmosphere play a major role in climate change • Yet we remain largely ignorant of the behavior of carbon-bearing systems at depth • Previous work has focused on oceans, atmosphere, and shallow crustal environments • It is implicitly assumed that these reservoirs exchange carbon rapidly as a closed system
the deep interior is limited • The interior may contain more than 90% of Earth’s carbon • We do not know how much carbon is stored in Earth’s interior • We do not know the nature of deep reservoirs • We do not know how carbon moves from one deep repository to another • We are largely ignorant of the nature and extent of deep microbial ecosystems, which by some estimates rival the total surface biomass
biological roles of carbon in Earth’s interior through an international, interdisciplinary, decade-long initiative dedicated to achieving a fundamental understanding of Earth through carbon.
September 2009 • Major support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation • Foster international cooperation • Engage over 1,000 researchers from 50 countries • Seed major new funding for deep carbon research • Example of proposed scope: Census of Marine Life (www.coml.org)
the physical and chemical behavior of carbon at extreme conditions, as found in the deep interiors of Earth and other planets.! • Inventory possible carbon-bearing phases in Earth’s mantle and core" • Achieve a fundamental understanding of carbon in Earth’s core" • Characterize the physical and thermochemical properties of deep- Earth phases at relevant pressure and temperature conditions" • Develop environmental chambers to access carbon-bearing samples in new regimes of pressure and temperature under controlled conditions (e.g., pH, fO2 ) and with increased sample volumes and enhanced sample analysis and recovery capabilities"
of carbon bonding at conditions equivalent to the cores of Jovian planets" • Implement an integrated carbon algorithm-software-hardware computational facility (iCASH) for multi-scale deep carbon simulations"
to determining the mechanisms and rates by which carbon moves among those reservoirs, and to assess the total carbon budget of Earth. " • Establish continuous open-access monitoring of volcanic gas emissions " • Determine the chemical forms and distribution of carbon in Earth’s deepest interior" • Determine the seafloor carbon budget and global rates of carbon input into subduction zones " • Estimate the net direction and magnitude of tectonic carbon fluxes from the mantle and crust to the atmosphere "
carbon cycle model through deep time, including the earliest Earth, and co-evolution of the geosphere and biosphere" • Produce quantitative models of global carbon cycling at various scales, and the planetary scale (mantle convection), tectonic scale (subduction zone, orogeny, rift, volcano), and reservoir scale (core, mantle, crust, hydrosphere)"
Earth’s deep biosphere and its interaction with the carbon cycle.! • Determine the processes that define the diversity and distribution of deep life as it relates to the carbon cycle " • Determine the environmental limits of deep life" • Determine the interactions between deep life and carbon cycling on Earth"
the molecular to the global scale that control the volumes, rates of generation, and reactivity of organic compounds derived from deep carbon through geologic time. ! • Conduct field investigations to determine processes controlling the origin, rates of production, migration and transformation of abiotic gases and organic species in Earth’s crust and mantle" • Develop techniques to identify and characterize hydrocarbons and organic species from global fluid and solid samples across deep time (e.g., the Moho, Mars and meteorites), including their compositions, structures, and isotopic characteristics that resolve the contributions of abiotic- versus biotic-controlled processes" "
molecule-mineral interface at crustal and upper mantle conditions " • Determine the nature and extent of abiotic reaction rates and mechanisms leading to deep hydrocarbons, other organic compounds and H2 synthesis " • Integrate our understanding of the environmental conditions and processes that control the generation, transport and reactivity of abiotic/biotic compounds leading to transformative models of global carbon cycles through geologic time " "
from a dozen countries • US National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC • 3-5 March 2013 • Presentations and discussions on deep carbon science • Recent discoveries by international experts who span DCO's science communities • News coverage of DCO was captured in 12 languages from 530 news sites in 59 countries (Reuters, AP, AFP, Agencia EFE) • Launch of “Carbon in Earth”
Frank Press, Patrick Leahy, Marcia McNutt, Wendy Harrison and Russell Hemley. Speakers included:! ! • Frank Press, Former President of the U.S. National Academy of Science and !! Science Advisor to the President of the United States! • Marcia McNutt, Former Director of the U.S. Geological Survey and Editor-in-Chief of Science! • Wendy Harrison, Director, Earth Sciences Division, U.S. National Science Foundation! • Patrick Leahy, Executive Director of the American Geosciences Institute!
from 6 countries • Co-sponsored by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan • Kazan Federal University on 13-17 April 2013 • Field and experimental papers on the origins and distribution of abiotic hydrocarbons • Potential to reconvene in two or three years with new data
2010 • The Conference brought together world experts in observational, experimental, and computation geoscience to address seven themes: 1. C-H-O-S fluids in the subduction zone and mantle 2. Carbon-bearing phases in the subduction zone 3. Carbonates and other C-bearing minerals in Earth's deep interior 4. Tectonic-environmental changes and the carbon cycle 5. Volcanic actiities and Earth's degasing 6. Deep life and deep organic synthesis 7. Role of CO2 on mantle melting
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming July 2014 DCO Summer School University of Costa Rica Fieldtrips to volcanoes February 2014 DCO Early Career Scien3st Workshop
Big Sky Resort, Montana, USA and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA 13-18 July 2014 • Three days of instruction in all aspects of deep carbon science • Two days of field trips into Yellowstone National Park • Organized by Adrian Jones (University College London, UK) and John Baross (University of Washington, USA)
chapters • 700 pages • 51 co-authors from 11 countries • More than 500 news stories in 42 countries and 12 languages • More than 700,000 chapters have been downloaded Carbon in Earth
MARCH 2014 VOL 507 NATURE Graham Pearson, Frank Brenker, Fabrizio Nestola, John McNeill, Lutz Nasdala, Mark Hutchison, Sergei Matveev, Kathy Mather, Geert Silversmit, Sylvia Schmitz, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze Publication
Nestola, John McNeill, Lutz Nasdala, Mark Hutchison, Sergei Matveev, Kathy Mather, Geert Silversmit, Sylvia Schmitz, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond
Gardés, Malcolm Massuyeau, Leila Hashim, Saswata Hier-Majumder, Fabrice Gaillard Electrical conductivity during incipient melting in the oceanic low-velocity zone
piece of the deep carbon puzzle Commentary on “Carbon dioxide released from subduction zones by fluid-mediated reactions” (Ague and Nicolescu, Nature Geoscience, 2014)
Harrison, Dimitri A. Sverjensky, and Giulia Galli Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth Scientific Findings Craig E. Manning Deep water gives up another secret Commentary on “Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth” (Pan et al, PNAS, 2013)
Solubilities of Quartz and Corundum to 60 kb and 1,200°C IN PRESS GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA Dimitri Sverjensky, Brandon Harrison, David Azzolini Scientific Findings
T.M. McCollom, T. P. Trainor & A.S. Templeton Hydrogen generation from low-temperature water–rock reactions Scientific Findings Steven D’Hondt Geochemistry: Subsurface Sustenance Commentary on “Hydrogen generation from low- temperature water–rock reactions” (Mayhew et al, Nature Geoscience, 2013)
josé M. Mogollión, Sabine Kasten, Matthias Zabel, Kai-Uwe-Hinrichs Global rates of marine sulfate reduction and implications for subseafloor metabolic activities
Lollar, L. Li, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, G.F. Slater & C.J. Ballentine Deep fracture fluids isolated in the crust since the Precambrian era Scientific Findings
biosphere: An in-situ tool for the search for life Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment (V-CAFÉ): Development of instrumentation for volcanic carbon flux monitoring Advanced synchrotron x-ray spectrometer for deep carbon A high P-T device for experimental studies of hydrocarbons A modified gas chromatograph for experimental studies of hydrocarbons Katrina Edwards, University of Southern California Tobias Fischer, University of New Mexico Wendy Mao, Stanford University Vadim Brazhkin, Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Kutcherov, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology
Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CMIG) Andrew Steele, Carnegie/Smithsonian Institution Novel large-volume diamond anvil cell Malcolm Guthrie, Carnegie Institution of Washington Development of an ultrafast laser instrument for in situ measurements of thermodynamic properties of carbon bearing fluids and crystalline materials Alexander Goncharov, Carnegie Institution of Washington Gas instrumentation sandpit workshop—developing next generation sensors for monitoring volcanic carbon flux Adrian Jones, University College London Experimental High-P and T Bioreactors Sandpit Workshop Isabelle Daniel, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 DCO Computer Cluster Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
• Now installed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the DCO Computer Cluster is available to all DCO researchers • Linux cluster can run a wide variety of scientific programs aimed at modeling chemical and physical processes in deep Earth and carrying out data analyses • PSSC Labs PowerWulf MMx Cluster with 640 Intel® Xeon® 2.4 GHz Compute Processor Cores and 544GB System Memory - 1GB Memory Per Compute Processor Core • 154TB of System Storage, a high-speed internal InfiniBand network, and a fast backup system • PI: Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Atmospheric Flux Experiment • Continuously quantify active volcanic CO2 flux • DCO partial support • Multi-institutional • International • Interdisciplinary • New generation ion-trap mass spectrometer that allows for rapid analyses of volcanic gas • Hermetically sealed tube is highly portable • Can be deployed in the volcanic plume on the crater rim • PI: Tobias Fischer
Biosphere Investigative tool • Proof-of-concept tool (2011) by the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) • Partial DCO support • UV-spectroscopy used to detect microbial life in seafloor boreholes • Used along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during IODP Expedition 336 aboard the JOIDES Resolution • Will compare microbial life within existing and pristine boreholes • PI: Katrina Edwards, USC
potential carbon reservoirs are the lower mantle and core, where even a few parts per million (ppm) carbon in metallic or silicate phases could represent many times the confirmed planetary carbon content • This modified ToF-SIMS instrument is designed to measure trace amounts of carbon (1-10 ppm) in a variety of geologically relevant samples, including mineral phases that are nominally acarbonaceous • Nanoscale analysis is presently impossible by any other single technique • PI: Andrew Steele, Carnegie Institution of Washington; Smithsonian Institution Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CIMIG)
Spectrometer for Deep Carbon Fig. 1: 3D technical drawing of the Beamline 6-‐2 middle hutch experimental end-‐ station at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL). KB-‐Optics Sample holder 40-‐crystal XRS spectrometer 7-‐crystal XES spectrometer • Carbon-specific X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) is the most definitive probe for in situ, non-destructive characterization of the ubiquitous, significant changes in carbon-molecular bonding under high- pressure and high-temperature • DCO partially supported a Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) focusing system that enables high- pressure carbon-specific XRS study at Beamline 6-2 of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory • PI: Wendy Mao, Stanford University
T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Mark S. Zahniser, Barry J. McManus, David D. Nelson Measurement of a doubly substituted methane isotopologue, 13CH3 D, by tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy
Lawson, Cara Davis, Alexandre Ferreira, Eugenio Santos Neto, Geoffrey Ellis, Michael Lewan, Anna Martini, Yongchun Tang, Martin Schoell, Alex Sessions, John Eiler Formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane
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