The Deep Carbon Observatory: Transformational Opportunities in Science and Technology

Transcript

1. The Deep Carbon Observatory: Transformational Opportunities in Science and Technology deepcarbon.net cschiffries@ciw.edu Craig M. Schiffries, Director Deep Carbon Observatory Carnegie Institution of Washington China University of Geosciences, Beijing 9 August 2014
2. Carbon is Central to Our Lives •  Carbon is the element of life •  Carbon-based fuels supply most of our energy •  Carbon-bearing molecules in the atmosphere play a major role in climate change •  Yet we remain largely ignorant of the behavior of carbon-bearing systems at depth •  Previous work has focused on oceans, atmosphere, and shallow crustal environments •  It is implicitly assumed that these reservoirs exchange carbon rapidly as a closed system
3. Carbon is Central to Our Lives •  Our knowledge of the deep interior is limited •  The interior may contain more than 90% of Earth’s carbon •  We do not know how much carbon is stored in Earth’s interior •  We do not know the nature of deep reservoirs •  We do not know how carbon moves from one deep repository to another •  We are largely ignorant of the nature and extent of deep microbial ecosystems, which by some estimates rival the total surface biomass
4. Mission Promote a transformational understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological roles of carbon in Earth’s interior through an international, interdisciplinary, decade-long initiative dedicated to achieving a fundamental understanding of Earth through carbon.
5. Deep Carbon Observatory Overview •  A 10-year project launched in September 2009 •  Major support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation •  Foster international cooperation •  Engage over 1,000 researchers from 50 countries •  Seed major new funding for deep carbon research •  Example of proposed scope: Census of Marine Life (www.coml.org)
6. DCO Organizational Structure Executive Committee Scientific Steering Committees •  Extreme Physics and Chemistry •  Reservoirs and Fluxes •  Deep Life •  Deep Energy Secretariat Data Science Team Engagement Team
7. Extreme Physics and Chemistry Goals! Achieve a transformative understanding of the physical and chemical behavior of carbon at extreme conditions, as found in the deep interiors of Earth and other planets.! •  Inventory possible carbon-bearing phases in Earth’s mantle and core" •  Achieve a fundamental understanding of carbon in Earth’s core" •  Characterize the physical and thermochemical properties of deep- Earth phases at relevant pressure and temperature conditions" •  Develop environmental chambers to access carbon-bearing samples in new regimes of pressure and temperature under controlled conditions (e.g., pH, fO2 ) and with increased sample volumes and enhanced sample analysis and recovery capabilities"
8. Extreme Physics and Chemistry Goals! •  Achieve a fundamental understanding of carbon bonding at conditions equivalent to the cores of Jovian planets" •  Implement an integrated carbon algorithm-software-hardware computational facility (iCASH) for multi-scale deep carbon simulations"
9. Reservoirs and Fluxes Goals! Identify the principal deep carbon reservoirs, to determining the mechanisms and rates by which carbon moves among those reservoirs, and to assess the total carbon budget of Earth. " •  Establish continuous open-access monitoring of volcanic gas emissions " •  Determine the chemical forms and distribution of carbon in Earth’s deepest interior" •  Determine the seafloor carbon budget and global rates of carbon input into subduction zones " •  Estimate the net direction and magnitude of tectonic carbon fluxes from the mantle and crust to the atmosphere "
10. Reservoirs and Fluxes Goals! •  Develop a robust overarching global carbon cycle model through deep time, including the earliest Earth, and co-evolution of the geosphere and biosphere" •  Produce quantitative models of global carbon cycling at various scales, and the planetary scale (mantle convection), tectonic scale (subduction zone, orogeny, rift, volcano), and reservoir scale (core, mantle, crust, hydrosphere)"
11. Deep Life Goals! Explore the evolutionary and functional diversity of Earth’s deep biosphere and its interaction with the carbon cycle.! •  Determine the processes that define the diversity and distribution of deep life as it relates to the carbon cycle " •  Determine the environmental limits of deep life" •  Determine the interactions between deep life and carbon cycling on Earth"
12. Deep Energy Goals! Quantify the environmental conditions and processes from the molecular to the global scale that control the volumes, rates of generation, and reactivity of organic compounds derived from deep carbon through geologic time. ! •  Conduct field investigations to determine processes controlling the origin, rates of production, migration and transformation of abiotic gases and organic species in Earth’s crust and mantle" •  Develop techniques to identify and characterize hydrocarbons and organic species from global fluid and solid samples across deep time (e.g., the Moho, Mars and meteorites), including their compositions, structures, and isotopic characteristics that resolve the contributions of abiotic- versus biotic-controlled processes" "
13. Deep Energy Goals! •  Explore the nature of the organic molecule-mineral interface at crustal and upper mantle conditions " •  Determine the nature and extent of abiotic reaction rates and mechanisms leading to deep hydrocarbons, other organic compounds and H2 synthesis " •  Integrate our understanding of the environmental conditions and processes that control the generation, transport and reactivity of abiotic/biotic compounds leading to transformative models of global carbon cycles through geologic time " "
14. 2013 DCO International Workshops and Meetings
15. 2013 DCO International Science Meeting •  More than 150 scientists from a dozen countries •  US National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC •  3-5 March 2013 •  Presentations and discussions on deep carbon science •  Recent discoveries by international experts who span DCO's science communities •  News coverage of DCO was captured in 12 languages from 530 news sites in 59 countries (Reuters, AP, AFP, Agencia EFE) •  Launch of “Carbon in Earth”
16. 2013 DCO International Science Meeting! Panel of US scientific leaders Frank Press, Patrick Leahy, Marcia McNutt, Wendy Harrison and Russell Hemley. Speakers included:! ! •  Frank Press, Former President of the U.S. National Academy of Science and !! Science Advisor to the President of the United States! •  Marcia McNutt, Former Director of the U.S. Geological Survey and Editor-in-Chief of Science! •  Wendy Harrison, Director, Earth Sciences Division, U.S. National Science Foundation! •  Patrick Leahy, Executive Director of the American Geosciences Institute!
17. Kazan Workshop on Abiotic Hydrocarbons •  More than 40 people from 6 countries •  Co-sponsored by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan •  Kazan Federal University on 13-17 April 2013 •  Field and experimental papers on the origins and distribution of abiotic hydrocarbons •  Potential to reconvene in two or three years with new data
18. 2010 DCO International Conference •  Beijing, China •  22-24 April 2010 •  The Conference brought together world experts in observational, experimental, and computation geoscience to address seven themes: 1. C-H-O-S fluids in the subduction zone and mantle 2. Carbon-bearing phases in the subduction zone 3. Carbonates and other C-bearing minerals in Earth's deep interior 4. Tectonic-environmental changes and the carbon cycle 5. Volcanic actiities and Earth's degasing 6. Deep life and deep organic synthesis 7.  Role of CO2 on mantle melting
19. Students and Early Career Scientists Big Sky, Montana Fieldwork in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming July 2014 DCO  Summer  School   University of Costa Rica Fieldtrips to volcanoes February 2014 DCO  Early  Career  Scien3st  Workshop  
20. DCO Summer School •  36 participants from 14 countries •  Big Sky Resort, Montana, USA and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA 13-18 July 2014 •  Three days of instruction in all aspects of deep carbon science •  Two days of field trips into Yellowstone National Park •  Organized by Adrian Jones (University College London, UK) and John Baross (University of Washington, USA)
21. •  Released 5 March 2013 •  Open Access •  20 chapters •  700 pages •  51 co-authors from 11 countries •  More than 500 news stories in 42 countries and 12 languages •  More than 700,000 chapters have been downloaded Carbon in Earth
22. Redox Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts as a Function of Mantle Source 14 JUNE 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE Elizabeth Cottrell, Katherine A. Kelley
23. Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond MARCH 2014 VOL 507 NATURE Graham Pearson, Frank Brenker, Fabrizio Nestola, John McNeill, Lutz Nasdala, Mark Hutchison, Sergei Matveev, Kathy Mather, Geert Silversmit, Sylvia Schmitz, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze Publication
24. MARCH 2014 VOL 507 NATURE Graham Pearson, Frank Brenker, Fabrizio Nestola, John McNeill, Lutz Nasdala, Mark Hutchison, Sergei Matveev, Kathy Mather, Geert Silversmit, Sylvia Schmitz, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond
25. Publication 1 MAY 2014 VOL 509:81-85 NATURE David Sifré, Emmanuel Gardés, Malcolm Massuyeau, Leila Hashim, Saswata Hier-Majumder, Fabrice Gaillard Electrical conductivity during incipient melting in the oceanic low-velocity zone
26. Graphite Formation by Carbonate Reduction During Subduction JUNE 2013 VOL 6 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Matthieu Galvez, Olivier Beyssac, Isabelle Martinez, Karin Benzerara, Carine Chaduteau, Benjamin Malvoisin, Jaques Malavieille Scientific Findings
27. MAY 2014 VOL 7 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Jay Ague and Stefan Nicolescu Carbon dioxide released from subduction zones by fluid-mediated reactions
28. Publication MAY 2014 VOL 7 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Craig Manning A piece of the deep carbon puzzle Commentary on “Carbon dioxide released from subduction zones by fluid-mediated reactions” (Ague and Nicolescu, Nature Geoscience, 2014)
29. Structure of Polymeric CO2 -V ! Datchi et al, PRL, 2012" Santoro et al, PNAS, 2012"
30. Publication APRIL 2014 VOL 5 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Mario Santoro, Federico Gorelli, Roberto Bini, Ashkan Salamat, Gaston Garbarino, Claire Levelut, Olivier Cambon, and Julien Haines Carbon enters silica forming a cristobalite-type CO2 -SiO2 solid solutions
31. Carbon Substitution for Oxygen in Silicates in Planetary Interiors OCTOBER 2013 VOL 110 PNAS Sabyasachi Se, Scarlett Widgeon, Alexandra Navrotsky, Gabriela Mera, Amir Tavakoli, Emanual Ionescu, Ralf Riedel Scientific Findings
32. MARCH 2013 VOL 110 PNAS Ding Pan, Leanardo Spanu, Bandon Harrison, Dimitri A. Sverjensky, and Giulia Galli Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth Scientific Findings Craig E. Manning Deep water gives up another secret Commentary on “Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth” (Pan et al, PNAS, 2013)
33. Publication MAY 2014 VOL 5 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Ding Pan, Quan Wan, Giulia Galli The refractive index and electronic gap of water and ice increase with increasing pressure
34. Water in the Deep Earth: The Dielectric Constant and the Solubilities of Quartz and Corundum to 60 kb and 1,200°C IN PRESS GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA Dimitri Sverjensky, Brandon Harrison, David Azzolini Scientific Findings
35. MAY 2013 VOL 5 NATURE GEOSCIENCE L.E. Mayhew, E.T. Ellison, T.M. McCollom, T. P. Trainor & A.S. Templeton Hydrogen generation from low-temperature water–rock reactions Scientific Findings Steven D’Hondt Geochemistry: Subsurface Sustenance Commentary on “Hydrogen generation from low- temperature water–rock reactions” (Mayhew et al, Nature Geoscience, 2013)
36. FEBRUARY 2012 VOL 5 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Bénédicte Ménez, Valerio Pasini & Daniele Brunelli Life in the Hydrated Suboceanic Mantle
37. Aerobic Microbial Respiration in 86-Million- Year-Old Deep-Sea Red Clay 18 MAY 2012 VOL 336 SCIENCE Hans Ray, Jens Kallmeyer, Rishi Ram Adhikari, Robert Pockalny, Bo Barker Jorgensen & Steven D’Hondt Scientific Findings
38. Publication 8 MAY 2014 VOL 344:889-891 SCIENCE Marshall W. Bowles, josé M. Mogollión, Sabine Kasten, Matthias Zabel, Kai-Uwe-Hinrichs Global rates of marine sulfate reduction and implications for subseafloor metabolic activities
39. 16 MAY 2013 VOL 497 NATURE G. Holland, B. Sherwood Lollar, L. Li, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, G.F. Slater & C.J. Ballentine Deep fracture fluids isolated in the crust since the Precambrian era Scientific Findings
40. Global press attention for “World’s Oldest Water”!
41. Integrative Field Studies Proposal
42. OCO and DCO Collaboration 21 JULY 2014 DEEPER VIEW Florian Schwandner, NASA/JPL, DCO DECADE The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 – Opportunities for Deep Carbon Research
43. New Instruments are a Key to Discovery Detecting the deep biosphere: An in-situ tool for the search for life Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment (V-CAFÉ): Development of instrumentation for volcanic carbon flux monitoring Advanced synchrotron x-ray spectrometer for deep carbon A high P-T device for experimental studies of hydrocarbons A modified gas chromatograph for experimental studies of hydrocarbons Katrina Edwards, University of Southern California Tobias Fischer, University of New Mexico Wendy Mao, Stanford University Vadim Brazhkin, Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Kutcherov, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology
44. New Instruments are a Key to Discovery! Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CMIG)                  Andrew Steele, Carnegie/Smithsonian Institution   Novel large-volume diamond anvil cell                      Malcolm Guthrie, Carnegie Institution of Washington   Development of an ultrafast laser instrument for in situ measurements of thermodynamic properties of carbon bearing fluids and crystalline materials                  Alexander Goncharov, Carnegie Institution of Washington   Gas instrumentation sandpit workshop—developing next generation sensors for monitoring volcanic carbon flux                              Adrian Jones, University College London   Experimental High-P and T Bioreactors Sandpit Workshop                  Isabelle Daniel, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1   DCO Computer Cluster                        Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
45. New Instruments are the Key to Discovery DCO Computer Cluster •  Now installed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the DCO Computer Cluster is available to all DCO researchers •  Linux cluster can run a wide variety of scientific programs aimed at modeling chemical and physical processes in deep Earth and carrying out data analyses •  PSSC Labs PowerWulf MMx Cluster with 640 Intel® Xeon® 2.4 GHz Compute Processor Cores and 544GB System Memory - 1GB Memory Per Compute Processor Core •  154TB of System Storage, a high-speed internal InfiniBand network, and a fast backup system •  PI: Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
46. New Instruments are a Key to Discovery V-CAFÉ: Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment •  Continuously quantify active volcanic CO2 flux •  DCO partial support •  Multi-institutional •  International •  Interdisciplinary •  New generation ion-trap mass spectrometer that allows for rapid analyses of volcanic gas •  Hermetically sealed tube is highly portable •  Can be deployed in the volcanic plume on the crater rim •  PI: Tobias Fischer
47. New Instruments are the Key to Discovery DEBI-t: Deep Exploration Biosphere Investigative tool •  Proof-of-concept tool (2011) by the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) •  Partial DCO support •  UV-spectroscopy used to detect microbial life in seafloor boreholes •  Used along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during IODP Expedition 336 aboard the JOIDES Resolution •  Will compare microbial life within existing and pristine boreholes •  PI: Katrina Edwards, USC
48. New Instruments are the Key to Discovery •  Earth’s greatest potential carbon reservoirs are the lower mantle and core, where even a few parts per million (ppm) carbon in metallic or silicate phases could represent many times the confirmed planetary carbon content •  This modified ToF-SIMS instrument is designed to measure trace amounts of carbon (1-10 ppm) in a variety of geologically relevant samples, including mineral phases that are nominally acarbonaceous •  Nanoscale analysis is presently impossible by any other single technique •  PI: Andrew Steele, Carnegie Institution of Washington; Smithsonian Institution Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CIMIG)
49. New Instruments are the Key to Discovery Advanced Synchrotron X-ray Spectrometer for Deep Carbon   Fig.  1:  3D  technical  drawing  of  the    Beamline  6-­‐2  middle  hutch  experimental  end-­‐ station  at  Stanford  Synchrotron  Radiation  Lightsource  (SSRL).     KB-­‐Optics   Sample  holder   40-­‐crystal  XRS   spectrometer   7-­‐crystal  XES   spectrometer   •  Carbon-specific X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) is the most definitive probe for in situ, non-destructive characterization of the ubiquitous, significant changes in carbon-molecular bonding under high- pressure and high-temperature •  DCO partially supported a Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) focusing system that enables high- pressure carbon-specific XRS study at Beamline 6-2 of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory •  PI: Wendy Mao, Stanford University
52. Publication JUNE 2014 ASAP ONLINE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Shuhei Ono, David T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Mark S. Zahniser, Barry J. McManus, David D. Nelson Measurement of a doubly substituted methane isotopologue, 13CH3 D, by tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy
55. Publication 27 JUNE 2014 VOL 344:1500-1503 SCIENCE Daniel Stolper, Michael Lawson, Cara Davis, Alexandre Ferreira, Eugenio Santos Neto, Geoffrey Ellis, Michael Lewan, Anna Martini, Yongchun Tang, Martin Schoell, Alex Sessions, John Eiler Formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane
57. For More Information Craig M. Schiffries, Director Deep Carbon Observatory Carnegie Institution of Washington cschiffries@ciw.edu 202-478-8819 deepcarbon.net