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Computer-Assisted Language Comparison

Computer-Assisted Language Comparison

Talk, held at the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Tianjin (2017-10-21, Tianjin, China).

Johann-Mattis List

October 21, 2017
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  1. Computer-Assisted Language Comparison
    Johann-Mattis List
    Research Group “Computer-Assisted Language Comparison”
    Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
    Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
    Jena, Germany
    2017-10-21
    very
    long
    title
    P(A|B)=P(B|A)...
    1 / 20

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  2. Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

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  3. "All languages change, as long as they exist."
    (August Schleicher 1863)
    walkman
    Indo-European
    Germanic
    Old English
    English
    p
    f
    f
    f
    ə
    a
    æ
    ɑː
    t
    d
    d
    ð


    e
    ə
    r
    r
    r
    r
    Germanic
    German English
    iPod
    Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

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  4. iPod
    Indo-European
    Germanic
    Old English
    English
    p
    f
    f
    f
    ə
    a
    æ
    ɑː
    t
    d
    d
    ð


    e
    ə
    r
    r
    r
    r
    Germanic
    German English
    walkman
    "All languages change, as long as they exist."
    (August Schleicher 1863)
    Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

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  5. walkman
    Indo-European
    Germanic
    Old English
    English
    p
    f
    f
    f
    ə
    a
    æ
    ɑː
    t
    d
    d
    ð


    e
    ə
    r
    r
    r
    r
    Germanic
    German English
    iPod
    "All languages change, as long as they exist."
    (August Schleicher 1863)
    Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

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  6. walkman
    Indo-European
    Germanic
    Old English
    English
    p
    f
    f
    f
    ə
    a
    æ
    ɑː
    t
    d
    d
    ð


    e
    ə
    r
    r
    r
    r
    Germanic
    German English
    iPod
    "All languages change, as long as they exist."
    (August Schleicher 1863)
    Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

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  7. iPod
    Indo-European
    Germanic
    Old English
    English
    p
    f
    f
    f
    ə
    a
    æ
    ɑː
    t
    d
    d
    ð


    e
    ə
    r
    r
    r
    r
    walkman
    L₁
    L₁ L₁
    L₁
    L₁
    "All languages change, as long as they exist."
    (August Schleicher 1863)
    Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

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  8. iPod
    Indo-European
    Germanic
    Old English
    English
    p
    f
    f
    f
    ə
    a
    æ
    ɑː
    t
    d
    d
    ð


    e
    ə
    r
    r
    r
    r
    walkman
    L₁
    L₁
    L₁
    L₁
    L₁
    "All languages change, as long as they exist."
    (August Schleicher 1863)
    Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

    View Slide

  9. iPod
    Indo-European
    Germanic
    Old English
    English
    p
    f
    f
    f
    ə
    a
    æ
    ɑː
    t
    d
    d
    ð


    e
    ə
    r
    r
    r
    r
    walkman
    L₁
    L₁
    L₁
    L₁
    L₁
    "All languages change, as long as they exist."
    (August Schleicher 1863)
    Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

    View Slide

  10. iPod
    Indo-European
    Germanic
    Old English
    English
    p
    f
    f
    f
    ə
    a
    æ
    ɑː
    t
    d
    d
    ð


    e
    ə
    r
    r
    r
    r
    walkman
    L₁
    L₁
    L₁
    "All languages change, as long as they exist."
    (August Schleicher 1863)
    Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

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  11. iPod
    Indo-European
    Germanic
    Old English
    English
    p
    f
    f
    f
    ə
    a
    æ
    ɑː
    t
    d
    d
    ð


    e
    ə
    r
    r
    r
    r
    walkman
    L₂
    L₁
    L₃
    "All languages change, as long as they exist."
    (August Schleicher 1863)
    Comparative Linguistics
    2 / 20

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  12. Comparative Linguistics Background
    Background
    3 / 20

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  13. Comparative Linguistics Background
    Background
    3 / 20

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  14. Comparative Linguistics Background
    Background
    3 / 20

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  15. Comparative Linguistics Background
    Background
    3 / 20

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  16. Comparative Linguistics Background
    Background
    3 / 20

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  17. Comparative Linguistics Comparative Method
    The Comparative Method
    COMPA-
    RATIVE
    METHOD
    4 / 20

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  18. Comparative Linguistics Comparative Method
    The Comparative Method
    COMPA-
    RATIVE
    METHOD
    4 / 20

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  19. Comparative Linguistics Comparative Method
    The Comparative Method
    COMPA-
    RATIVE
    METHOD
    4 / 20

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  20. Comparative Linguistics Comparative Method
    The Comparative Method
    COMPA-
    RATIVE
    METHOD
    4 / 20

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  21. Comparative Linguistics Comparative Method
    The Comparative Method
    COMPA-
    RATIVE
    METHOD
    4 / 20

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  22. Comparative Linguistics Computational Linguistics
    Computational Historical Linguistics
    COMPUTA-
    TIONAL
    HISTORICAL
    LINGUISTICS
    5 / 20

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  23. Comparative Linguistics Computational Linguistics
    Computational Historical Linguistics
    COMPUTA-
    TIONAL
    HISTORICAL
    LINGUISTICS
    5 / 20

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  24. Comparative Linguistics Computational Linguistics
    Computational Historical Linguistics
    COMPUTA-
    TIONAL
    HISTORICAL
    LINGUISTICS
    5 / 20

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  25. Comparative Linguistics Computational Linguistics
    Computational Historical Linguistics
    COMPUTA-
    TIONAL
    HISTORICAL
    LINGUISTICS
    5 / 20

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  26. Comparative Linguistics Computational Linguistics
    Computational Historical Linguistics
    COMPUTA-
    TIONAL
    HISTORICAL
    LINGUISTICS
    5 / 20

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  27. Comparative Linguistics Computational Linguistics
    Classical vs. Computational Language Comparison
    LC
    CA
    COMPA-
    RATIVE
    METHOD
    lacks
    efficiency
    lacks
    consistency
    lacks
    efficiency
    lacks
    accuracy
    lacks
    flexibility
    high
    efficiency
    high
    consistency
    high
    flexibility
    high
    accuracy
    COMPUTA-
    TIONAL
    HISTORICAL
    LINGUISTICS
    6 / 20

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  28. Comparative Linguistics Computational Linguistics
    Classical vs. Computational Language Comparison
    LC
    CA
    COMPA-
    RATIVE
    METHOD
    lacks
    efficiency
    lacks
    consistency
    lacks
    efficiency
    lacks
    accuracy
    lacks
    flexibility
    high
    efficiency
    high
    consistency
    high
    flexibility
    high
    accuracy
    COMPUTA-
    TIONAL
    HISTORICAL
    LINGUISTICS
    6 / 20

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  29. Comparative Linguistics Computational Linguistics
    Classical vs. Computational Language Comparison
    LC
    CA
    lacks
    efficiency
    lacks
    consistency
    lacks
    efficiency
    lacks
    accuracy
    lacks
    flexibility
    high
    efficiency
    high
    consistency
    high
    flexibility
    high
    accuracy
    COMPA-
    RATIVE
    METHOD accuracy
    flexibility
    consistency
    efficiency
    COMPUTA-
    TIONAL
    HISTORICAL
    LINGUISTICS
    6 / 20

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  30. Comparative Linguistics CALC
    Computer-Assisted Language Comparison LC
    CA
    LC
    CA
    lacks
    efficiency
    lacks
    consistency
    lacks
    efficiency
    lacks
    accuracy
    lacks
    flexibility
    high
    efficiency
    high
    consistency
    high
    flexibility
    high
    accuracy
    COMPA-
    RATIVE
    METHOD accuracy
    flexibility
    consistency
    efficiency
    COMPUTA-
    TIONAL
    HISTORICAL
    LINGUISTICS
    7 / 20

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  31. Comparative Linguistics CALC
    Computer-Assisted Language Comparison LC
    CA
    7 / 20

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  32. Examples
    8 / 20

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  33. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    9 / 20

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  34. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    9 / 20

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  35. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    9 / 20

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  36. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    9 / 20

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  37. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    10 / 20

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  38. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    10 / 20

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  39. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    10 / 20

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  40. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    10 / 20

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  41. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    10 / 20

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  42. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    10 / 20

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  43. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    10 / 20

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  44. Examples Cognate Detection
    Cognate Detection
    10 / 20

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  45. Examples Cognate Detection
    DEMO: Software and Tools
    LingPy
    http://lingpy.org
    TSV EDICTOR
    http://tsv.lingpy.org
    11 / 20

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  46. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    12 / 20

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  47. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Polysemy If a word has two or more meanings which are historically
    related.
    12 / 20

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  48. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Polysemy If a word has two or more meanings which are historically
    related.
    Homophony If two words which do not share a common etymological
    history have an identical pronunciation.
    12 / 20

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  49. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Polysemy If a word has two or more meanings which are historically
    related.
    Homophony If two words which do not share a common etymological
    history have an identical pronunciation.
    Colexification Coined by François (2008): If one word form denotes
    several meanings.
    12 / 20

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  50. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    CLICS (List et al. 2014, http://clics.lingpy.org) is an
    online database of synchronic lexical associations (“colexifica-
    tions”) in currently 221 language varieties of the world. Large
    databases offering lexical information on the world’s languages
    are already readily available for research in different online
    sources. However, the information on tendencies of meaning
    associations they enshrine is not easily extractable from these
    sources themselves.
    13 / 20

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  51. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    684
    678
    871
    1043
    6
    30
    129
    196
    1243
    128
    869
    853
    650 344
    1103
    150
    185
    627
    232
    709
    1035
    1206
    177
    97
    311
    496
    606
    137
    207
    444
    840
    1077
    325
    222
    1063
    1138
    1204
    1258
    559
    723
    495
    766
    914
    38
    1101
    652
    865
    891
    872
    633
    291
    980
    700 144
    410
    430
    1025
    406
    464
    787
    622
    131
    242
    918
    275
    1159
    99
    1174
    671 1038
    786
    705
    641
    760
    1259
    356
    391
    197
    10
    214
    299
    63
    191
    619
    644
    792
    1205
    897 67
    1231
    213
    226
    747
    681
    399
    841
    439
    773
    123
    800
    16
    1067
    1227
    696
    417
    550
    68
    76
    108
    360
    1244
    339
    500
    81
    867
    79
    1097
    98
    96
    833
    771
    715
    455
    380
    1268
    1186
    1046
    39
    252
    1228
    66
    23
    1112
    133
    676
    336
    739 1150
    1071
    986
    485
    112
    372
    1109
    830
    721
    1053
    1057
    601
    573
    556
    527
    1248
    614
    488
    908
    499
    1002
    309
    442
    814
    1193
    569
    458 258
    563
    653
    682 774
    70
    1151
    948
    801
    1082
    243
    47
    71
    83
    153
    1265
    934
    85
    1215
    1199
    523
    581
    422
    21
    358
    1261
    111
    354
    219
    759
    15
    890
    261
    1222
    141
    158
    74
    806
    1031
    845
    770
    850
    903
    1224
    419
    754
    433
    798
    188
    1256
    613
    528
    208
    539
    323
    981
    132
    1055
    1001
    790
    804
    844
    1118
    907
    640 446
    815
    923
    498
    201
    1184
    578
    566
    427
    532
    452
    151
    750
    598
    1094
    345
    735
    777
    978
    599
    492
    390
    286
    1107
    742
    1015
    1202
    1210
    1257 1275
    859
    988
    69
    752
    596
    290
    126
    110
    950
    922
    1047
    741
    253
    347
    385
    620
    966
    221
    431 3
    224
    1194
    999
    953
    1029
    852
    301
    389
    318
    530
    1048
    1032 175
    701 544
    1119
    241
    94
    745
    835
    1270
    62
    107
    159
    20
    767
    512
    331
    248
    549
    1013
    946
    974
    1022 1100
    477
    302
    233
    1168
    1003
    1211
    570
    307 40
    945
    1269
    784
    546
    437
    901
    350
    238
    305
    1191
    482
    1012
    977
    906
    783
    524
    117
    457
    603
    836
    1181
    880
    229 124
    216
    1113
    1074
    72
    586
    647
    447
    2
    113
    1179
    7 1006
    665
    397
    502
    610 1274
    707
    327
    659
    667
    824
    917
    985
    1089
    346
    1229
    101
    542
    1042
    727
    782
    733
    967
    462
    592
    468
    1106
    440
    478 308
    577
    698
    776
    75
    1155
    51
    145
    517
    359
    938
    1157
    1160
    1183
    947
    1102
    1135
    1252
    343
    608
    537
    103
    634
    251
    383 506
    25
    829
    396
    686
    679
    574
    516
    42
    250
    379
    809
    602
    660
    780
    765
    697
    856
    899
    594
    1008
    393
    179
    114
    1140 11
    100
    1209
    618
    600
    192
    1277
    896
    1142
    1278
    762 421
    713
    182
    521
    861
    672
    297
    1116
    1190
    1192
    140
    1212
    46
    493
    1187
    157
    1225
    212
    403
    519
    616
    173
    413
    912
    1110
    84
    756
    793
    636
    118
    889
    692
    998
    366
    711
    1045
    61
    240
    1263
    199
    648
    832
    289
    522
    368
    1091
    931
    982
    949
    400
    119
    388 811
    53 59
    1069
    708
    952
    545
    763
    1238
    184
    825
    377
    1242
    1233
    262
    635
    269
    1062
    1061
    1073
    933
    17
    1247
    352
    64
    384
    50
    632 736
    1246
    822
    781 758 1
    939
    595
    778
    105
    860
    1049
    1066
    1072
    995
    503 370
    919
    1149
    1127
    1128
    972
    1126
    245
    921
    973
    675
    587
    1235
    960
    928 926
    1143
    548
    1250
    86
    1021
    32
    1068
    719
    965
    259
    1070
    863
    638
    303
    324
    873
    249
    892
    976 1007
    722
    36
    459
    293
    165
    209
    557
    1245
    788 862
    651
    900
    31
    483
    236
    935 1052
    115
    294 680
    831
    44
    453
    206
    971
    1273
    170
    753
    256
    1148 200
    450
    382
    1240
    561
    615
    317
    572
    725 870
    438
    139
    1011
    646
    1117
    392
    45
    276 264 704
    1080
    174
    1050
    808
    1197
    508
    576
    225
    562
    471
    1217
    333
    1014
    593
    92
    1034
    611
    1171 312
    802
    1253
    29
    902
    244
    582
    466
    668
    878
    341
    432
    1163
    625
    904
    164
    467 1195
    1232
    796
    828
    281
    629
    349
    1166
    411
    369
    387
    1208
    394
    415
    1000 58
    1098
    148
    287
    1223
    818
    263
    220
    838
    876
    313
    260
    65
    1165
    5 355
    106
    1172
    490
    718
    171
    1139
    163
    785
    881
    887
    1169
    319
    585
    553
    894
    306
    314
    1041
    1009
    799
    674
    848
    1201
    1004
    689
    1085
    1218 1145 1170
    228
    911
    279
    73 104
    690
    1254
    402
    340
    169
    693
    868
    893
    1018
    78
    1092
    194
    555
    198
    834
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    997
    932
    237
    1176 666
    956
    624
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    520
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    702
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    1095
    1180
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    964
    1079 271
    842
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    751 353
    905
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    909
    910
    1133
    362
    583
    670
    1124 381
    1216
    215
    178
    571
    470
    142
    376
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    172
    296
    533
    364
    963
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    1153
    637
    823
    915
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    560
    547
    1137
    35
    882
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    511
    1122
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    494
    1130
    1188
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    1236
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    588
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    655
    335
    155
    710
    1156
    1028
    465
    147
    183
    414
    1221
    273
    166
    1054
    278
    55
    460
    812 1090
    810
    180
    768
    143
    156
    404
    367
    1182
    231
    288
    136
    456
    82
    529
    970
    1016
    729
    395 187
    604
    408
    330
    1064
    34
    1267
    847
    726
    543
    677
    642
    940
    645
    958
    683 695
    864
    1058 605
    1084
    451
    443
    699
    1167
    959
    925
    1198
    227
    886
    628
    1178
    337
    991
    813
    657
    1185
    1039
    769
    1081
    484
    712
    1189
    944
    1207
    322
    33
    685
    424 80
    270
    937
    1177
    283
    1237
    816
    130
    161
    189
    77
    300
    1026
    463 1104
    326
    589 60
    983
    474
    1093
    744
    748
    554 292
    41
    267
    984
    373
    1214
    957
    1024 969
    507 37
    874
    1030
    630
    579
    962
    535
    706
    688
    122
    497
    1060
    1083
    1027 102
    510 405
    1134
    658
    617
    936
    929
    363
    1175 361
    536
    534
    1219
    181
    386
    884
    418
    558 8
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    316
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    473 348 134
    639
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    924
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    1040
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    807 210
    375
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    1279
    487
    486
    398
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    661
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    621 193
    321
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    654
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    612
    737
    855
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    1196
    246
    1264
    584
    338
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    121
    423
    509
    839
    1147
    656
    230
    239
    489
    14
    469
    22
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    351
    448
    282
    329
    961
    254
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    371
    284
    223
    843
    821
    24
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    643
    819
    285
    514
    746
    757
    791
    138
    186
    849
    93 951 127
    877
    1088
    518
    1164
    1260
    501
    54
    190
    95
    43 205
    1276
    116
    146 662
    217
    461
    883
    204
    1033
    310
    472
    12
    412
    332
    817
    649
    794
    1037
    943 927
    481
    968
    425
    109 195
    857
    1121
    564
    687
    664
    724
    87
    1120
    88
    449
    429
    255
    987
    992
    1111
    591
    575
    491
    720
    851
    328
    941
    990 1019
    993
    1087
    955
    580
    1226
    975
    1099
    732
    235 779
    365 1234
    441
    609 247
    334 91
    1251
    1131
    913
    691
    52
    274
    1017
    435
    90
    407
    480
    1239
    13
    623
    0
    266
    626
    295
    954
    1059
    552
    898
    858
    772 526
    1115
    48
    1161
    125
    590
    454
    1020
    1141
    203
    740
    1146
    342
    820
    1220
    56
    320
    416
    27
    401
    476
    19
    120
    1203
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    775
    888
    567
    378
    1076
    160
    162
    409
    731
    631
    374
    538
    837
    13 / 20

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  52. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    We are currently substantially revising the amount of data in
    CLICS and hope to be able to release a much larger and also
    consistently enhanced version some time in the first half of next
    year.
    13 / 20

    View Slide

  53. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    13 / 20

    View Slide

  54. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    In addition to the original CLICS database, we are currently
    also testing algorithms which measure compoundhood across
    languages.
    13 / 20

    View Slide

  55. Examples Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications
    WASP
    BEEHIVE
    WINE
    ALCOHOL (FERMENTED DRINK)
    BEER
    DRINK
    MEAD
    BEVERAGE
    HONEY
    BEESWAX
    SUGAR
    FRAGRANT
    STINKING
    BEE
    SWEET
    SMELL (STINK)
    FEEL
    SUGAR CANE
    SNIFF
    SMELL (PERCEIVE)
    13 / 20

    View Slide

  56. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
    14 / 20

    View Slide

  57. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
    rhyme analysis is crucial for Old Chinese phonology
    14 / 20

    View Slide

  58. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
    rhyme analysis is crucial for Old Chinese phonology
    emerged when scholars of the Suí 隋 (581–618) and Táng 唐
    (618–907) dynasties realized that old poems, especially those in the
    Book of Odes (Shījīng 詩經 ca. 1050–600 BCE) had many
    inconsistencies regarding the rhyming of words
    14 / 20

    View Slide

  59. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
    rhyme analysis is crucial for Old Chinese phonology
    emerged when scholars of the Suí 隋 (581–618) and Táng 唐
    (618–907) dynasties realized that old poems, especially those in the
    Book of Odes (Shījīng 詩經 ca. 1050–600 BCE) had many
    inconsistencies regarding the rhyming of words
    later scholars from the Míng 明 (1368–1644) and Qīng 清 dynasties
    (1644–1911) realized that the inconsistencies in the rhyme patterns
    reflect the effects of language change
    14 / 20

    View Slide

  60. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
    15 / 20

    View Slide

  61. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
    Poem Stanza Verse Sect. Text Rhyme Pattern MCH OCBS
    4 1 1 1 南有樛木、 木 - muwk C.mˤok
    4 1 1 2 葛藟纍之。 纍 A lwij [r]uj
    4 1 2 1 樂只君子、 子 - tsiX tsəʔ
    4 1 2 2 福履綏之。 綏 A swij s.nuj
    4. 樛木
    南有樛木、葛藟纍之。
    樂只君子、福履綏之。
    南有樛木、葛藟荒之。
    樂只君子、福履將之。
    南有樛木、葛藟縈之。
    樂只君子、福履成之。
    15 / 20

    View Slide

  62. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
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    相 彊


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    堂 抗





    漿


















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    方 喪





























    祥霜











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    慝 彧






    *-əj
    *-ək
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    15 / 20

    View Slide

  63. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
    2
    1
    1
    1
    3
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
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    A
    *-an
    *-aj
    *-ar
    *-an / *-ar
    15 / 20

    View Slide

  64. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
    1
    1
    1
    1
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    媛 澗
    我 儺
    詈 左
    禍 可









































    B
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  65. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    Rhyme Analysis
    3
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    C
    3
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    D
    15 / 20

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  66. Examples Rhyme Analysis
    The Shījīng Browser
    In order to make it more convenient for the readers to investi-
    gate the data underlying this paper in full detail, an interactive
    web-based application was created. This freely available Shījīng
    Browser (http://digling.org/shijing/) lists all potential
    rhyme words in tabular form along with additional information
    including the pīnyīn transliteration, the Middle Chinese reading,
    the reconstruction by Baxter and Sagart (ibid.), the reading by
    Pān (2000), the GSR index (Karlgren 1957), and the number
    of poem, stanza, and section.
    16 / 20

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  67. Outlook
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  68. Outlook
    “知可戰與不
    可戰者勝!”
    (孫⼦, "兵法“)
    "Those who know when to fight and when not to fight will win!"
    (Sun Tzu, 6th century BC, "The art of war")
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  69. Outlook
    In linguistics, as in science in general, we need to know what we
    are capable of and what we are not. If we keep on comparing
    languages manually, ignoring all the technical improvements of
    late, we will necessarily fail. On the other hand, if we blindly
    trust algorithms instead of experts expertise and intuition, we
    will also fail. We need integrated frameworks for historical
    language comparison in which the best of the two worlds is
    combined!
    19 / 20

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  70. 谢谢大家
    20 / 20

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