Lecture 7 | Icons and Iconoclasm

Transcript

1. Icons  and  Iconoclasm  
   Readings:    
   Selected  excerpts  from  David  
   Freedberg  and  Robert  D.  McFadden  
    
   Range:  
   500-­‐1425  CE  
   Byzan.ne  
    
   Key  Terms/Concepts:  
   Icon,  veneraDon,  latria,  proskynesis,  
   acheiropoietai,  palladium,  Iconoclasm,  
   Pantokrator,  Acheiropoietos,  
   Theotokos,  Hodegetria,  Orans,  
   BlacherniDssa,  Eleousa,  
   Glykophilsousa,  Festal,  Iconoclast,  
   Iconophile,  Iconodule,  Iconostasis.    
   Key  Monuments:  
     Vladimir  Virgin,  ConstanDnople,  
   late  11th  –early  12th  Century.  
     Virgin  and  Child  between  Saints  
   Theodore  and  George,  St.  
   Catherine  at  Mt.  Sinai,  late  6th—
   early  7th  century.  
     The  AnnunciaDon,  “Ohrid  
   AnnunciaDon,”  Macedonia,  
   early  14th  Century.  
     Andrey  Rublyov,  The  Old  
   Testament  Trinity  (Three  Angels  
   VisiDng  Abraham),  1410.  
   

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2. ChrisDanity  under  Theodosius  
   395  CE  
   Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
   into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
   *Theodosius  I  asserted  ChrisDanity  as  the  official  religion  of  
   the  Roman  Empire  in  380  and  ordered  the  dismantlement  
   of  all  pagan  temples  and  monuments  in  391.    
   Theodosius  I  (379-­‐395)  
   

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3. ChrisDanity  a`er  Theodosius  
   395  CE  
   Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
   into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
   *The  successors  of  Theodosius  I    conDnued  to  
   strengthen  ChrisDanity  as  a  powerful  force  in  
   both  the  East  and  the  West.  
   Honorius  I  (395-­‐423)  
   ByzanDne  Empire  
   

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4. The  Fall  of  the  Western  Empire  
   395  CE  
   Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
   into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
   *By  476,  all  of  Italy  was  under  the  control  of  the  Ostrogoths.  
   ByzanDne  Empire  
   410  
   418  
   402  
   476  
   

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5. The  Conquest  of  the  West  
   ByzanDne  Empire  
   “An  able  Goth  wants  to  be  like  a  Roman;  only  a  
   poor  Roman  would  want  to  be  like  a  Goth.”  
    –Theodoric,  King  of  the  Visigoths  
   

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6. The  Birth  of  ByzanDum  
   395  CE  
   Theodosius  divides  the  Roman  Empire  
   into  Eastern  and  Western  regions.    
   *By  476,  all  of  Italy  was  under  the  control  of  the  Ostrogoths.  
   ByzanDne  Empire  
   

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7. What  is  an  Icon?  
     General:  Two-­‐
   dimensional  
   representaDons  
     Specific:  Pictures  of  
   holy  persons,  events,  
   venerated  by  the  
   Eastern  church.  
   Virgin  and  Child  between  Saints  Theodore  and  George,  St.  
   Catherine  at  Mt.  Sinai,  late  6th—early  7th  century.  
   

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8. Christ  
   Christ  Pantocrator,  
   St.  Catherine’s  
   Monastery,  Mt.  Sinai,  
   6th  Century  CE  
   Christ  as  Man  of  Sorrows,  
   Greece,  12th  Century  
   Acheiropoietos,  Russian,  12th  
   Century  
   

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9. Pantokrator  
   Christ  Pantokrator,  St.  
   Catherine’s  Monastery,  Mt.  
   Sinai,  6th  Century  CE  
   “The  All  
   Powerful”  
   

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10. Man  of  Sorrows  
    Christ  as  Man  of  
    Sorrows,  Greece,  12th  
    Century  
    

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11. Acheiropoietos,  Russian,  12th  Century  
    

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12. Theotokos  =  The  Bearer  of  God  
    Moscow,  15th  Century   ConstanDnople,  14th  
    Century    
    Orans   Eleousa  
    KyrioDssa   Hodegetria  
    Vladimir  Virgin,  
    ConstanDnople,  late  
    11th  –early  12th  
    Century.  
    The  Virgin  of  the  
    IncarnaDon,  Rome,  
    11th  Century  
    

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13. KyrioDssa,  Hagia  
    Sophia,  ConstanDnople,  
    9th  Century  
    KyrioDssa  
    “She  who  reigns  
    in  majesty”  
    

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14. Hodegetria,  
    ConstanDnople,  14th  
    Century    
    Hodegetria  
    “She  who  shows  
    the  way.”  
    

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15. Orans  
    The  Virgin  of  the  
    IncarnaDon,  Rome,  11th  
    Century  
    “Virgin  of  the  
    sign.”  
    “Praying  Virgin”  
    Or  
    BlacherniDssa  
    

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16. Eleousa  
    Vladimir  Virgin,  
    ConstanDnople,  late  11th  
    –early  12th  Century.  
    “Virgin  of  
    tenderness.”  
    Or  
    Glykophilsousa  
    “Virgin  of  Sweet  
    Kisses”  
    

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17. Saints  
    St.  Peter,  St.  Catherine’s  
    at  Mt.  Sinai,  6th  Century  
    

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18. St.  Peter,  St.  Catherine’s  
    at  Mt.  Sinai,  6th  Century  
    

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19. Angels  
    Portraits   Miracles  
    Archangel  
    Gabriel,  Moscow,  
    1387-­‐1395  
    Archangel  
    Michael,  Greece,  
    14th  Century    
    Miracle  at  Chonae,  
    St.  Catherine’s  
    Monastery  at  Mt.  
    Sinai,  12th  Century.  
    

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20. Miracles  
    Miracle  at  Chonae,  
    St.  Catherine’s  
    Monastery  at  Mt.  
    Sinai,  12th  Century.  
    

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21. Festal  
    The  AnnunciaDon,  “Ohrid  
    AnnunciaDon,”  Macedonia,  early  
    14th  Century.  
    The  NaDvity,  St.  Catherine’s  Mt.  
    Sinai,  7th  Century  
    

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22. Orthodox  Festal  Days  
      Feast  days  ordered  by  calendar  date  
      BapDsm  of  Jesus  by  John  the  Forerunner  (January  6)  
      The  PresentaDon  of  Jesus  in  the  Temple  (February  2)  
      The  AnnunciaDon  (March  25)  
      The  Raising  of  Lazarus  (Saturday  before  Palm  Sunday)  
      Entry  into  Jerusalem  (Palm  Sunday)  
      The  Crucifixion  (Good  Friday)  
      The  ResurrecDon  (Easter  or  Holy  Pascha)  
      The  Ascension  (40  days  a`er  Easter)  
      Meso-­‐Pentecost  (Jesus,  12  years  old,  lectures  the  Jewish  
    Priests  in  the  Temple)  
      The  Descent  of  the  Holy  Spirit  (Pentecost,  50  days  a`er  
    Easter)  
      The  TransfiguraDon  (August  6)  
      The  DormiDon  of  the  Holy  Virgin  *  (August  15)  
      The  NaDvity  of  the  Virgin  Mary  (September  8)  
      The  ExaltaDon  of  the  Cross  (by  Arch.  Zinon,  Courtesy  
    Orthodox  World)  *  
      The  PresentaDon  of  the  Virgin  in  the  Temple  (November  
    21)  
      The  NaDvity  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  (December  25)    
    The  AnnunciaDon,  “Ohrid  
    AnnunciaDon,”  Macedonia,  early  
    14th  Century.  
    

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23. NarraDves  
    The  Ladder  of  Divine  Ascent,  
    from  St.  Catherine’s  at  Mount  
    Sinai,  7th  Century.  
    Andrey  Rublyov,  The  Old  
    Testament  Trinity  (Three  Angels  
    VisiDng  Abraham),  1410-­‐1425.  
    

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24. The  Ladder  of  Divine  Ascent,  
    from  St.  Catherine’s  at  
    Mount  Sinai,  7th  Century.  
    

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25. Andrey  Rublyov,  The  Old  
    Testament  Trinity  (Three  
    Angels  VisiDng  Abraham),  
    1410-­‐1425.  
    

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26. Types  of  Icons  
    Christ   Virgin  and  Child  
    Angels  
    Saints  
    NarraDve  
    Festal  
    

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27. Thangka  Diagram  
    SchemaDc  
    

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28. ByzanDne  Empire  in  the  6th  Century  
    

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29. St.  Catherine’s  of  Mount  Sinai,  Egypt,  5th  
    Century  CE.  
    

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30. St.  Catherine’s  of  Mount  Sinai,  Egypt,  5th  
    Century  CE.    
    

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31. St.  Catherine’s  of  Mount  Sinai,  Egypt,  5th  
    Century  CE.    
    

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32. St.  Catherine’s  of  Mount  Sinai,  Egypt,  5th  
    Century  CE.    
    

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33. St.  Catherine’s  of  Mount  Sinai,  Egypt,  5th  
    Century  CE.    
    

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34. St.  Catherine’s  of  Mount  Sinai,  Egypt,  5th  
    Century  CE.    
    

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35. c D00D0DDN000000cD
    c
    B lo2 t X B
    2
    A 8 6 5 4 7 9 A
    3E S3
    Worship  Row  
    Deesis  Row  
    Festal  Row  
    Prophets  Row  
    Row  of  Patriarchs  
    Typical  Iconostasis.  
    

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36. *Venera&on  is  the  act  of  honoring  
    Christ  and  saints  through  their  image.    
    Processions  
    

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37. View Slide

38. *Venera&on  is  the  act  of  honoring  
    Christ  and  saints  through  their  image.    
    Kissing  
    

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39. View Slide

40. *Venera&on  is  the  act  of  honoring  
    Christ  and  saints  through  their  image.    
    Proskynesis  
    

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41. View Slide

42. Iconoclasm  
    (Eikon  =  Image)  +  (Klao  =  Break)    
    

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43. Iconoclasts  (Breakers  of  Images):  
    1)  Icons  are  akin  to  the  “graven  images”  menDoned  
    in  the  second  commandment:  “4  Thou  shalt  not  
    make  unto  thee  any  graven  image,  or  any  likeness  
    of  any  thing  that  is  in  heaven  above,  or  that  is  in  
    the  earth  beneath,  or  that  is  in  the  water  under  
    the  earth:5    thou  shalt  not  bow  down  thyself  to  
    them,  nor  serve  them.”  (Exodus  20:  4-­‐5)  
    2)  Icons  are  man  made,  as  opposed  to  relic,  and  do  
    not  deserve  to  be  venerated:  “The  divine  nature  is  
    completely  uncircumscribable  and  cannot  be  
    depicted  or  represented  by  ar&sts  in  any  medium  
    whatsoever.”  (Iconoclas&c  Council,  754)  
    

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44. Iconodules  (Lovers  of  Images):  
    1)  Icons  are  powerful  didacDc  tools:  “An  image  is,  aKer  
    all,  a  reminder;  it  is  to  the  illiterate  what  a  book  is  
    to  the  literate,  and  what  the  word  is  to  hearing,  the  
    image  is  to  sight.”  (John  of  Damascus)  
    2)  Icons  are  a  valuable  proxy  by  which  the  faithful  could  
    demonstrate  their  love  and  honor  for  the  divine:  
    “God  created  man  to  his  own  image”  (Genesis  1:27)  
    3)  Icons  are  a  valid  way  to  communicate  Christ’s  
    humanity  and  suffering:  “How,  indeed,  can  the  Son  
    of  God  be  acknowledged  to  have  been  a  man  like  us
    —he  who  was  deigned  to  be  called  our  brother—if  
    he  cannot  be  depicted?”  
    

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45. Theodora  InstrucDng  her  Daughters  in  the  VeneraDon  
    of  Icons,  Madrid  Skylitzes,  12th  Century.    
    

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46. Icon  of  the  
    Triumph  of  
    Orthodoxy,  
    ConstanDnople,  
    1400.  
    

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47. The  Crucifixion  and  
    Iconoclasts  whitewashing  
    an  icon  of  Christ,  Khludov  
    Psalter,  850-­‐75.  
    

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48. Simon  Magus  and  
    Patriarch  
    Nikephoros,  
    Khludov  Psalter,
    850-­‐75.  
    

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49. Angel  Dragging  Iconoclast,  Khludov  Psalter,
    850-­‐75.  
    

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50. St.  Catherine’s  of  Mount  Sinai,  Egypt,  5th  
    Century  CE.    
    

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