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学習者データを「見る」:外国語教師のためのデータの入力、分析、解釈方法

Ken Urano
August 07, 2023

 学習者データを「見る」:外国語教師のためのデータの入力、分析、解釈方法

外国語教育メディア学会(LET)第62回(2023 年度)全国研究大会
ワークショップ
2023/08/07

Ken Urano

August 07, 2023
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  1. ͸͡Ίʹ • ࠓ೔ͷ͓࿩͸ɺҎԼͷϫʔΫγϣοϓͷ಺༰ Λ૊Έ߹ΘͤͯΞοϓσʔτͨ͠΋ͷͰ͢ • 2013/08/07. ༗ҙੑͱޮՌྔʹ͍͔ͭͯͬ͠Γߟ͑ͯΈΑ͏. ֎ࠃޠڭҭϝ σΟΞֶձୈ53ճશࠃݚڀେձ @

    தژֶӃେֶ • 2014/10/26. ӳޠतۀΛݟͭΊ௚͢ํ๏ɿςετσʔλͷݟํΛ஌Ζ͏. શࠃ ӳޠڭҭֶձɾখֶߍӳޠڭҭֶձୈ2ճӳޠڭҭηϛφʔˏؔ੢େֶ • 2016/08/07. ྔతσʔλΛѻ͏ͱ͖ʹ஌͓͖͍ͬͯͨ͜ͱɿσʔλͷ෼෍ɺ ༗ҙੑɺޮՌྔɺ৴པ۠ؒ. ֎ࠃޠڭҭϝσΟΞֶձୈ56ճશࠃݚڀେձˏ ૣҴాେֶ • 2019/08/06. ֎ࠃޠڭҭʢݚڀʣʹ͓͚Δྔతσʔλͷࢹ֮Խͱղऍ. FLEAT VII / LET2019 @ Waseda University
  2. Name* Test A খ૔ ರ 70 Տ੢ େޒ࿠ 38 খਿ

    Ꮺ 58 ௶Ҫ ج༞ 48 ӬҪ ج༞ 28 ڮޱ ๏࢚ 54 ݪ ཽ໵ 58 ޿੉ ༎ 38 ౻ా ࢰಐ 42 ຊؒ խ඙ 47 ٶ࡚ ৎ༤ 78 ଜҪ ࿣࿠ 68 ࢁ࡚ ޹ଠ࿠ 40 ԣҪ ޛࢤ 50 ґా ༸հ 68 एࢁ ప 57 ༗അ Ղ೫ 64 ࿨ઘ ګࢠ 76 ؠҪ ඒՂ 43 ߐ઒ ༝Ӊ 90 ਆ୩ ࣿق 58 ๺઒ ઍՂࢠ 38 ࡔా Ѫࡊ 38 ਿా ඒՂ 43 ⁋ຊ ᜫ 58 ౔୩ ே߳ 60 Ӭ੉ ͘ΔΈ 48 দ໦ ಹಸ 45 ଜҪ ݁ࢠ 24 ए௬ ·Έ 36 *ʮͳΜͪΌͬͯݸਓ৘ใʯͰੜ੒ http://kazina.com/dummy/
  3. Group A Test A খ૔ ರ 70 Տ੢ େޒ࿠ 38

    খਿ Ꮺ 58 ௶Ҫ ج༞ 48 ӬҪ ج༞ 28 ڮޱ ๏࢚ 54 ݪ ཽ໵ 58 ޿੉ ༎ 38 ౻ా ࢰಐ 42 ຊؒ խ඙ 47 ٶ࡚ ৎ༤ 78 ଜҪ ࿣࿠ 68 ࢁ࡚ ޹ଠ࿠ 40 ԣҪ ޛࢤ 50 ґా ༸հ 68 एࢁ ప 57 ༗അ Ղ೫ 64 ࿨ઘ ګࢠ 76 ؠҪ ඒՂ 43 ߐ઒ ༝Ӊ 90 ਆ୩ ࣿق 58 ๺઒ ઍՂࢠ 38 ࡔా Ѫࡊ 38 ਿా ඒՂ 43 ⁋ຊ ᜫ 58 ౔୩ ே߳ 60 Ӭ੉ ͘ΔΈ 48 দ໦ ಹಸ 45 ଜҪ ݁ࢠ 24 ए௬ ·Έ 36 Group B Test A ؠӬ ࿡࿠ 52 ২໦ ҭೋ 59 ย੉ ཽ໵ 61 ࡔݩ ᠳଠ 76 ౡଜ ༏ 45 ৓ా ௕ར 68 ௕୔ ஌࢙ 63 দҪ Ұಙ 69 ࡾݪ ༟࣍࿠ 43 क԰ ཽ࣍ 51 ੨໺ Έ͋ 36 ஑୩ ༏ 51 ؠ୩ ౧ࢠ 39 ্ݪ ܠࢠ 71 ߐޱ Ί͙Έ 26 ٴ઒ ͳͭΈ 79 େ௩ ·͞Έ 55 Ԭ໺ ࿏ࢠ 61 ֯ా ౧ࢠ 89 ઒୺ ݁ҥ 51 ਆށ ࡊʑඒ 71 ֎ࢁ Έ͋ 63 রҪ Έ͖ 41 ࠜ؛ ༏ 41 ࠜ؛ ྱࢠ 83 Ӌా ѥر 93 ෱࢜ ΈΏ͖ 47 ෍ࢪ ༑߳ 37 ଜా จੈ 52 ٢Ӭ ܙས߳ 41
  4. Group A Test A খ૔ ರ 70 Տ੢ େޒ࿠ 38

    খਿ Ꮺ 58 ௶Ҫ ج༞ 48 ӬҪ ج༞ 28 ڮޱ ๏࢚ 54 ݪ ཽ໵ 58 ޿੉ ༎ 38 ౻ా ࢰಐ 42 ຊؒ խ඙ 47 ٶ࡚ ৎ༤ 78 ଜҪ ࿣࿠ 68 ࢁ࡚ ޹ଠ࿠ 40 ԣҪ ޛࢤ 50 ґా ༸հ 68 एࢁ ప 57 ༗അ Ղ೫ 64 ࿨ઘ ګࢠ 76 ؠҪ ඒՂ 43 ߐ઒ ༝Ӊ 90 ਆ୩ ࣿق 58 ๺઒ ઍՂࢠ 38 ࡔా Ѫࡊ 38 ਿా ඒՂ 43 ⁋ຊ ᜫ 58 ౔୩ ே߳ 60 Ӭ੉ ͘ΔΈ 48 দ໦ ಹಸ 45 ଜҪ ݁ࢠ 24 ए௬ ·Έ 36 Group B Test A ؠӬ ࿡࿠ 52 ২໦ ҭೋ 59 ย੉ ཽ໵ 61 ࡔݩ ᠳଠ 76 ౡଜ ༏ 45 ৓ా ௕ར 68 ௕୔ ஌࢙ 63 দҪ Ұಙ 69 ࡾݪ ༟࣍࿠ 43 क԰ ཽ࣍ 51 ੨໺ Έ͋ 36 ஑୩ ༏ 51 ؠ୩ ౧ࢠ 39 ্ݪ ܠࢠ 71 ߐޱ Ί͙Έ 26 ٴ઒ ͳͭΈ 79 େ௩ ·͞Έ 55 Ԭ໺ ࿏ࢠ 61 ֯ా ౧ࢠ 89 ઒୺ ݁ҥ 51 ਆށ ࡊʑඒ 71 ֎ࢁ Έ͋ 63 রҪ Έ͖ 41 ࠜ؛ ༏ 41 ࠜ؛ ྱࢠ 83 Ӌా ѥر 93 ෱࢜ ΈΏ͖ 47 ෍ࢪ ༑߳ 37 ଜా จੈ 52 ٢Ӭ ܙས߳ 41 ൺ΂ͯΈΑ͏
  5. Group A Test A খ૔ ರ 70 Տ੢ େޒ࿠ 38

    খਿ Ꮺ 58 ௶Ҫ ج༞ 48 ӬҪ ج༞ 28 ڮޱ ๏࢚ 54 ݪ ཽ໵ 58 ޿੉ ༎ 38 ౻ా ࢰಐ 42 ຊؒ խ඙ 47 ٶ࡚ ৎ༤ 78 ଜҪ ࿣࿠ 68 ࢁ࡚ ޹ଠ࿠ 40 ԣҪ ޛࢤ 50 ґా ༸հ 68 एࢁ ప 57 ༗അ Ղ೫ 64 ࿨ઘ ګࢠ 76 ؠҪ ඒՂ 43 ߐ઒ ༝Ӊ 90 ਆ୩ ࣿق 58 ๺઒ ઍՂࢠ 38 ࡔా Ѫࡊ 38 ਿా ඒՂ 43 ⁋ຊ ᜫ 58 ౔୩ ே߳ 60 Ӭ੉ ͘ΔΈ 48 দ໦ ಹಸ 45 ଜҪ ݁ࢠ 24 ए௬ ·Έ 36 Group B Test A ؠӬ ࿡࿠ 52 ২໦ ҭೋ 59 ย੉ ཽ໵ 61 ࡔݩ ᠳଠ 76 ౡଜ ༏ 45 ৓ా ௕ར 68 ௕୔ ஌࢙ 63 দҪ Ұಙ 69 ࡾݪ ༟࣍࿠ 43 क԰ ཽ࣍ 51 ੨໺ Έ͋ 36 ஑୩ ༏ 51 ؠ୩ ౧ࢠ 39 ্ݪ ܠࢠ 71 ߐޱ Ί͙Έ 26 ٴ઒ ͳͭΈ 79 େ௩ ·͞Έ 55 Ԭ໺ ࿏ࢠ 61 ֯ా ౧ࢠ 89 ઒୺ ݁ҥ 51 ਆށ ࡊʑඒ 71 ֎ࢁ Έ͋ 63 রҪ Έ͖ 41 ࠜ؛ ༏ 41 ࠜ؛ ྱࢠ 83 Ӌా ѥر 93 ෱࢜ ΈΏ͖ 47 ෍ࢪ ༑߳ 37 ଜా จੈ 52 ٢Ӭ ܙས߳ 41 ൺ΂ͯΈΑ͏ How?
  6. Group A Group B ฏۉ஋ 52.1 57.1 தԝ஋ 49.0 53.5

    ࠷ස஋ 38, 58 41, 51 σʔλͷத৺
  7. ൣғ (range) ࠷େ஋ͱ࠷খ஋ͷ෯ ࢛෼Ґൣғ (IQR) σʔλͷ্Ґ25ˋͱԼҐ25ˋͷ෯ 
 ʢinterquartile rangeʣ ෼ࢄ

    (variance) ݸʑͷ਺஋ͱฏۉ஋ʢmeanʣͷڑ཭Λදͨ͠ 
 σʔλͷ෼෍౓߹͍Λࣔ͢਺஋ ඪ४ภࠩ (SD) ෼ࢄͷฏํࠜʢstandard deviationʣ σʔλͷ͹Β͖ͭ
  8. Group A Group B ൣғ 66.0 67.0 ࢛෼Ґൣғ 19.0 25.3

    ෼ࢄ 235 279 ඪ४ภࠩ 15.3 16.7 σʔλͷ͹Β͖ͭ
  9. • ݸʑͷ਺஋ͱฏۉ஋ͱͷࠩΛ̎৐͠ɺ߹ܭΛ ࣗ༝౓ʢਓ਺−̍ʣͰׂͬͨ΋ͷͷฏํࠜ Group A Test A খ૔ ರ 70

    Տ੢ େޒ࿠ 38 খਿ Ꮺ 58 ௶Ҫ ج༞ 48 ӬҪ ج༞ 28 ڮޱ ๏࢚ 54 ݪ ཽ໵ 58 ޿੉ ༎ 38 ౻ా ࢰಐ 42 (70–52.1)2 = 320.4 (38–52.1)2 = 198.8 (58–52.1)2 = 034.8 . . . ߹ܭ 6828.7 / 29 = 235.4 √ 235.4 = 15.3 ←ʢ෼ࢄʣ ඪ४ภࠩ Group A ฏۉ஋ 52.1 ඪ४ภࠩ 15.3
  10. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03

    0.04 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 ฏۉ஋ = 50 ͷ৔߹ ඪ४ภࠩ = 10 ඪ४ภࠩ = 20 34.1% 13.6% 34.1% 34.1% 13.6% 34.1% 13.6% 13.6% ඪ४ภࠩ
  11. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03

    0.04 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 ฏۉ஋ = 50 ͷ৔߹ ඪ४ภࠩ = 10 ඪ४ภࠩ = 20 ඪ४ภࠩ
  12. Group A Group B Group A Group B ฏۉ஋ 52.1

    57.1 ඪ४ภࠩ 15.3 16.7 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
  13. Group A Group B ฏۉ஋ 52.1 57.1 ඪ४ภࠩ 15.3 16.7

    Group A Group B 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
  14. Group A Group B ฏۉ஋ 52.1 57.1 ඪ४ภࠩ 15.3 16.7

    Group A Group B ฏۉ஋ͷࠩ 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 ෼෍ͷҧ͍
  15. 20 40 60 80 A B Group Score ശͻ͛ਤ (Box

    Plot) ࢛෼Ґൣғͷ1.5ഒͷ࠷େ஋ ಉ࠷খ஋
  16. ϰΝΠΦϦϯਤ (Violin Plot) 20 40 60 80 A B Group

    Score ີ౓ۂઢΛॎʹͯ͠ࠨӈରশʹͨ͠΋ͷ
  17. • Must-read (2) • Navarro, D. J., & Foxcroft, D.

    R. (2019). Learning statistics with jamovi: A tutorial for psychology students and other beginners. (Version 0.70). 
 DOI: 10.24384/hgc3-7p15 • ೔ຊޠ༁΋͋Γ·͢: • ࣳా੐࢘༁. jamoviͰֶͿ৺ཧ౷ܭ. 
 https://bookdown.org/sbtseiji/lswjamoviJ/
  18. • Group A ͱ Group B ͷ Test A ͷείΞ

    • www.urano-ken.com/research/let2023/ • μ΢ϯϩʔυ >> urano1.csv 
 https://www.urano-ken.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/urano1.csv ϋϯζΦϯᶃ
  19. Group A Test A Test B খ૔ ರ 70 56

    Տ੢ େޒ࿠ 38 83 খਿ Ꮺ 58 74 ௶Ҫ ج༞ 48 73 ӬҪ ج༞ 28 65 ڮޱ ๏࢚ 54 49 ݪ ཽ໵ 58 53 ޿੉ ༎ 38 39 ౻ా ࢰಐ 42 41 ຊؒ խ඙ 47 60 ٶ࡚ ৎ༤ 78 54 ଜҪ ࿣࿠ 68 80 ࢁ࡚ ޹ଠ࿠ 40 48 ԣҪ ޛࢤ 50 84 ґా ༸հ 68 55 एࢁ ప 57 30 ༗അ Ղ೫ 64 68 ࿨ઘ ګࢠ 76 71 ؠҪ ඒՂ 43 36 ߐ઒ ༝Ӊ 90 64 ਆ୩ ࣿق 58 41 ๺઒ ઍՂࢠ 38 63 ࡔా Ѫࡊ 38 48 ਿా ඒՂ 43 31 ⁋ຊ ᜫ 58 67 ౔୩ ே߳ 60 52 Ӭ੉ ͘ΔΈ 48 40 দ໦ ಹಸ 45 48 ଜҪ ݁ࢠ 24 65 ए௬ ·Έ 36 88
  20. Group A Test A Test B খ૔ ರ 70 56

    Տ੢ େޒ࿠ 38 83 খਿ Ꮺ 58 74 ௶Ҫ ج༞ 48 73 ӬҪ ج༞ 28 65 ڮޱ ๏࢚ 54 49 ݪ ཽ໵ 58 53 ޿੉ ༎ 38 39 ౻ా ࢰಐ 42 41 ຊؒ խ඙ 47 60 ٶ࡚ ৎ༤ 78 54 ଜҪ ࿣࿠ 68 80 ࢁ࡚ ޹ଠ࿠ 40 48 ԣҪ ޛࢤ 50 84 ґా ༸հ 68 55 एࢁ ప 57 30 ༗അ Ղ೫ 64 68 ࿨ઘ ګࢠ 76 71 ؠҪ ඒՂ 43 36 ߐ઒ ༝Ӊ 90 64 ਆ୩ ࣿق 58 41 ๺઒ ઍՂࢠ 38 63 ࡔా Ѫࡊ 38 48 ਿా ඒՂ 43 31 ⁋ຊ ᜫ 58 67 ౔୩ ே߳ 60 52 Ӭ੉ ͘ΔΈ 48 40 দ໦ ಹಸ 45 48 ଜҪ ݁ࢠ 24 65 ए௬ ·Έ 36 88 Test A Test B ฏۉ஋ 52.1 57.5 ඪ४ภࠩ 15.3 16.0
  21. Class A Test A Test B খ૔ ರ 70 56

    Տ੢ େޒ࿠ 38 83 খਿ Ꮺ 58 74 ௶Ҫ ج༞ 48 73 ӬҪ ج༞ 28 65 ڮޱ ๏࢚ 54 49 ݪ ཽ໵ 58 53 ޿੉ ༎ 38 39 ౻ా ࢰಐ 42 41 ຊؒ խ඙ 47 60 ٶ࡚ ৎ༤ 78 54 ଜҪ ࿣࿠ 68 80 ࢁ࡚ ޹ଠ࿠ 40 48 ԣҪ ޛࢤ 50 84 ґా ༸հ 68 55 एࢁ ప 57 30 ༗അ Ղ೫ 64 68 ࿨ઘ ګࢠ 76 71 ؠҪ ඒՂ 43 36 ߐ઒ ༝Ӊ 90 64 ਆ୩ ࣿق 58 41 ๺઒ ઍՂࢠ 38 63 ࡔా Ѫࡊ 38 48 ਿా ඒՂ 43 31 ⁋ຊ ᜫ 58 67 ౔୩ ே߳ 60 52 Ӭ੉ ͘ΔΈ 48 40 দ໦ ಹಸ 45 48 ଜҪ ݁ࢠ 24 65 ए௬ ·Έ 36 88 Test A Test B ฏۉ஋ 52.1 57.5 ඪ४ภࠩ 15.3 16.0
  22. • ࢄ෍ਤΛඳ͍ͯΈ·͠ΐ͏ • Group A ͷ Test A ͱ Test

    B ͷείΞ • www.urano-ken.com/research/let2023/ • μ΢ϯϩʔυ >> urano2.csv 
 https://www.urano-ken.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/urano2.csv ϋϯζΦϯᶄ
  23. ̋̋தֶߍ ୈֶ̎ظதؒࢼݧ ֶ ೥ ̏ Ϋϥε 2 ࢯ ໊ Ken

    Urano ̍  Ϧεχϯά໰୊ ์ૹΛௌ͖ɺ࣍ͷ࣭໰ʹ൪߸Ͱ౴͑ͳ͍͞ɻ 1. What does Tora-san do? ᶃ He is a salesman. ᶄ He is a fisherman. ᶅ He is an entertainer. ᶆ He is a traveler. 2. Where does he live? ᶃ In Tokyo. ᶄ In Sapporo. ᶅ In Osaka. ᶆ He doesn’t have a home. ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 3 2 4 ̎  ࣍ͷจͷ ( ) ಺͔Βద੾ͳޠΛબͼɺ൪߸Ͱ౴͑ͳ͍͞ɻ 1. Atsushi has already ( ᶃ eat ᶄ eating ᶅ eaten ) all the chocolate. 2. We call ( ᶃ he ᶄ his ᶅ him ) a chocolate monster. ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 3 2 3 ̏  ࣍ͷจΛಡΜͰɺԼͷ໰͍ʹ౴͑ͳ͍͞ɻ Today we live in the age of beer. In addition to major beer manufacturers, there are hundreds of small breweries all over Japan. They are called microbreweries and the beer they produce is becoming more and more popular because of its high quality. 1. Do you like beer? 2. What is your favorite brand? ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 Yes, of course! 2 Sapporo Classic. ̐  ࣍ͷ೔ຊจΛӳޠʹ௚͠ͳ͍͞ɻ 1. Θͨ͠͸͜ͷ͋ͱߴాഅ৔Ͱͨ͘͞Μ͓ञΛҿΈ͍ͨɻ 2. ࢓ࣄ͕଴͍ͬͯΔͷͰࡳຈʹؼΓͨ͘ͳ͍ɻ ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 I am so ready to go to Takadanobaba and get drunk. 2 I don’t want to go back to Sapporo because there are so many things to do there. 10 20 20 30 80
  24. ̋̋தֶߍ ୈֶ̎ظதؒࢼݧ ֶ ೥ ̏ Ϋϥε 2 ࢯ ໊ Ken

    Urano ̍  Ϧεχϯά໰୊ ์ૹΛௌ͖ɺ࣍ͷ࣭໰ʹ൪߸Ͱ౴͑ͳ͍͞ɻ 1. What does Tora-san do? ᶃ He is a salesman. ᶄ He is a fisherman. ᶅ He is an entertainer. ᶆ He is a traveler. 2. Where does he live? ᶃ In Tokyo. ᶄ In Sapporo. ᶅ In Osaka. ᶆ He doesn’t have a home. ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 3 2 4 ̎  ࣍ͷจͷ ( ) ಺͔Βద੾ͳޠΛબͼɺ൪߸Ͱ౴͑ͳ͍͞ɻ 1. Atsushi has already ( ᶃ eat ᶄ eating ᶅ eaten ) all the chocolate. 2. We call ( ᶃ he ᶄ his ᶅ him ) a chocolate monster. ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 3 2 3 ̏  ࣍ͷจΛಡΜͰɺԼͷ໰͍ʹ౴͑ͳ͍͞ɻ Today we live in the age of beer. In addition to major beer manufacturers, there are hundreds of small breweries all over Japan. They are called microbreweries and the beer they produce is becoming more and more popular because of its high quality. 1. Do you like beer? 2. What is your favorite brand? ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 Yes, of course! 2 Sapporo Classic. ̐  ࣍ͷ೔ຊจΛӳޠʹ௚͠ͳ͍͞ɻ 1. Θͨ͠͸͜ͷ͋ͱߴాഅ৔Ͱͨ͘͞Μ͓ञΛҿΈ͍ͨɻ 2. ࢓ࣄ͕଴͍ͬͯΔͷͰࡳຈʹؼΓͨ͘ͳ͍ɻ ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 I am so ready to go to Takadanobaba and get drunk. 2 I don’t want to go back to Sapporo because there are so many things to do there. 10 20 20 30 80 ߹ܭ఺ ηΫγϣϯ ͝ͱͷಘ఺
  25. 10 20 20 30 80 ̍໰ͣͭͷ ಘ఺ 0 10 10

    10 10 10 20 10 ̍໰ͣͭͷ ಘ఺ ̋̋தֶߍ ୈֶ̎ظதؒࢼݧ ֶ ೥ ̏ Ϋϥε 2 ࢯ ໊ Ken Urano ̍  Ϧεχϯά໰୊ ์ૹΛௌ͖ɺ࣍ͷ࣭໰ʹ൪߸Ͱ౴͑ͳ͍͞ɻ 1. What does Tora-san do? ᶃ He is a salesman. ᶄ He is a fisherman. ᶅ He is an entertainer. ᶆ He is a traveler. 2. Where does he live? ᶃ In Tokyo. ᶄ In Sapporo. ᶅ In Osaka. ᶆ He doesn’t have a home. ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 3 2 4 ̎  ࣍ͷจͷ ( ) ಺͔Βద੾ͳޠΛબͼɺ൪߸Ͱ౴͑ͳ͍͞ɻ 1. Atsushi has already ( ᶃ eat ᶄ eating ᶅ eaten ) all the chocolate. 2. We call ( ᶃ he ᶄ his ᶅ him ) a chocolate monster. ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 3 2 3 ̏  ࣍ͷจΛಡΜͰɺԼͷ໰͍ʹ౴͑ͳ͍͞ɻ Today we live in the age of beer. In addition to major beer manufacturers, there are hundreds of small breweries all over Japan. They are called microbreweries and the beer they produce is becoming more and more popular because of its high quality. 1. Do you like beer? 2. What is your favorite brand? ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 Yes, of course! 2 Sapporo Classic. ̐  ࣍ͷ೔ຊจΛӳޠʹ௚͠ͳ͍͞ɻ 1. Θͨ͠͸͜ͷ͋ͱߴాഅ৔Ͱͨ͘͞Μ͓ञΛҿΈ͍ͨɻ 2. ࢓ࣄ͕଴͍ͬͯΔͷͰࡳຈʹؼΓͨ͘ͳ͍ɻ ʲղ౴ཝʳ 1 I am so ready to go to Takadanobaba and get drunk. 2 I don’t want to go back to Sapporo because there are so many things to do there.
  26. • σʔλ෼ੳ͕ͳΜͰ΋ 
 Ͱ͖ͪΌ͏΋ͷ͍͢͝ 
 ΢ΣϒΞϓϦ • ςετͷ߲໨෼ੳ΋ 
 Ͱ͖·͢

    • ਫຊಞ͞Μʢؔ੢େֶʣ ͕։ൃ͠ɺແྉͰެ։ • ͓ྱ͸Ϗʔϧ͔നϫΠϯ 
 ʢḺυωʣͰ
  27. • σʔλ෼ੳ͕ͳΜͰ΋ 
 Ͱ͖ͪΌ͏΋ͷ͍͢͝ 
 ΢ΣϒΞϓϦ • ςετͷ߲໨෼ੳ΋ 
 Ͱ͖·͢

    • ਫຊಞ͞Μʢؔ੢େֶʣ ͕։ൃ͠ɺແྉͰެ։ • ͓ྱ͸Ϗʔϧ͔നϫΠϯ 
 ʢḺυωʣͰ
  28. • ਺ྔσʔλΛཧղ͢Δ • σʔλΛཁ໿͢Δ • σʔλΛਤͰද͢ • ϋϯζΦϯ (jamovi) •

    σʔλͷೖྗํ๏Λ࠶ߟ͢Δ • ςετͷ߲໨෼ੳ (langtest.jp) Ken Urano [email protected] https://www.urano-ken.com/research/let2023 ֶशऀσʔλΛʮݟΔʯ ―֎ࠃޠڭࢣͷͨΊͷσʔλͷೖྗɺ෼ੳɺղऍํ๏―