home or phone -- they are in factories, businesses and healthcare. Why? Because smart objects give these major industries the vital data they need to track inventory, manage machines, increase efficiency, save costs and even save lives. By 2025, the total global worth of IoT technology could be as much as 6.2T -- most of that value from devices in healthcare (2.5T) and manufacturing (2.3T).
Frost & Sullivan in 2011, the global RFID market of 3B to 4B (in 2009) will grow by twelve percent per year through 2016 and reach a volume of approximately 6.5B to almost 9B 80 percent of all households in the European Union are expected to have intelligent power meters by 2020
be monitored and administered remotely via a smartphone or a PC. Market experts predict that this global market, which represented 5.3B in 2010 In February 2012 the Chinese government therefore decided to set up a fund of approximately 775M to support this field in the next five years. It will grow to 11B by 2015. This sector is expected to grow to 116B by 2015 (Xinhua News Agency, 2010)
( ExaBytes) of data are produced (IBM) This data includes textual content (unstructured, semi- structured, structured) to multimedia content (images, video and audio), on a variety of platforms (enterprise, social media, and sensors) 10 18 →
elements controlling physical entities CPS integrates computation, networking, and physical processes more closely CPS: highly pervasive, highly automated, more decentralized in networking and computation
Sensor Light NES Networked ES e.g. Autonomous Aviation, Home Alarm System CPS e.g. Intelligent Networked Road Junction, Integrated Home Security System IoT/IoE e.g. Smart-City → →
Ashton Cyber-Physical Systems: 2006, coined by Helen Gill (NSF) They are closely related, sometimes difficult to distinct. Some Opinions: 'IoT has a wider scope' or 'CPS is the US version of IoT'
P Processing (Computation) C Communications (Connectivity) TCCR Track, Command, Control and Route PCA Personalized, Context-Aware (incl. Data Mining) → → → → →
Example: sensing surrounding data around the user Human Interaction Smart devices can act as user interface in IoT Example: providing messages, allowing user to control the environment
they can be used to perform complex tasks Example: processing local raw data to promptly generate meaning information to users Information Storage Smart devices are equipped with non-volatile memory, they can be used to store information locally Example: keeping environment status, remembering personal preference
modelled as a real-time system A single-domain IoT application (e.g. home alarm) A multi-domain IoT application (e.g. smart city) is often a distributed real-time system Many real-time systems are control systems In real-time computing the correctness of the system depends not only on the logical result of the computation but also on the time at which the results are produced (Stankovic via Barnaghi)
Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey 2. Ovidiu Vermesan, Peter Friess, Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems, 7–151, River Publishers, 2013 3. Kaivan Karimi, The Building Blocks Needed To Make Internet of Things (IoT) Happen, Freescale Semiconductor Inc., 2013 4. Jianhua Ma, Multimedia Ubiquitous Smart Environment, http://cis.k.hosei.ac.jp/~jianhua/ 5. Cisco #IoE, http://internetofeverything.cisco.com/
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