論文紹介: Understanding Back-Translation at Scale

6OEFSTUBOEJOH  #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOBU4DBMF 4FSHFZ&EVOPW .ZMF0UU   .JDIBFM"VMJ %BWJE(SBOHJFS &./-1 ঺հখொݚ.উຢஐ

֓ཁ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨʂ  ˠCBDLUSBOTMBUJPO #5 ʹΑٖͬͯࣅతͳର༁σʔλΛ࡞੒ ֶशσʔλ ʹ௥Ճ͢Δख๏͕Α͘༻͍ΒΕΔ w ͜ͷ࿦จ͸#5ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDʹ͍ͭͯ
͍͔ͭ͘ͷ࡞ΓํΛݕ౼ͨ͠ w -PXSFTPVSDFͷઃఆͰͳ͚Ε͹ OPJTZTZOUIFUJDTSDʹΑΔֶशσʔλΛ ࢖༻ͨ͠ํ͕ྑ͍͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨ  ˢOPJTZTZOUIFUJDTSDͷํ͕OPOOPJTZΑΓUSBJOTJHOBM͕ڧ͍ͨΊ   ͱ͍͏ओு w ଞʹ΋ #5ʹΑΔTZOUIFUJDEBUBͱHFOVJOFCJUFYUΛൺֱͨ͠ w ͳΜ͔405"ͱͬͨ 8.5&O%F %FFQ-ൺֱ !2

͍͔ͭ͘ͷ࡞ΓํΛݕ౼ͨ͠ w -PXSFTPVSDFͷઃఆͰͳ͚Ε͹ ࡶͳTZOUIFUJDTSDʹΑΔֶशσʔλΛ ࢖༻ͨ͠ํ͕ྑ͍͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨ  ˢOPJTZTZOUIFUJDTSDͷํ͕OPOOPJTZΑΓUSBJOTJHOBM͕  ڧ͍ͨΊ ͱ͍͏ओு w ଞʹ΋ #5ʹΑΔTZOUIFUJDEBUBͱHFOVJOFCJUFYUΛൺֱͨ͠ w ͳΜ͔405"ͱͬͨ 8.5&O%F %FFQ-ൺֱ !3 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU  QBSBMMFMEBUB &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO  %F&O #5 .PEFM  XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM  NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB %F  5FYU &O 5FYU

͍͔ͭ͘ͷ࡞ΓํΛݕ౼ͨ͠ w -PXSFTPVSDFͷઃఆͰͳ͚Ε͹ ࡶͳTZOUIFUJDTSDʹΑΔֶशσʔλΛ ࢖༻ͨ͠ํ͕ྑ͍͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨ  ˢOPJTZTZOUIFUJDTSDͷํ͕OPOOPJTZΑΓUSBJOTJHOBM͕  ڧ͍ͨΊ ͱ͍͏ओு w ଞʹ΋ #5ʹΑΔTZOUIFUJDEBUBͱHFOVJOFCJUFYUΛൺֱͨ͠ w ͳΜ͔405"ͱͬͨ 8.5&O%F %FFQ-ൺֱ !4 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU  QBSBMMFMEBUB &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO  %F&O #5 .PEFM  XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM  NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB %F  5FYU &O 5FYU ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDΛOPJTZʹͳΔΑ͏ ʹͨ͠ํ͕͍͍ ͱ͍͏͓࿩

վΊͯ  #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ  ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश   UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ  ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDEBUBΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश
  ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$- w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1   !5 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU  QBSBMMFMEBUB &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO  %F&O #5 .PEFM  XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM  NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB %F  5FYU &O 5FYU

վΊͯ  #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ  ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश   UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ  ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश
  ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$- w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1   !6 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU  QBSBMMFMEBUB &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO  %F&O #5 .PEFM  XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM  NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB %F  5FYU &O 5FYU .POPMJOHVBMEBUB͸ਓखʹΑΔ΋ͷ  ยଆ NPOPMJOHVBM ͚ͩͳΒద౰ʹΫϩʔϧ͢Ε͹  σʔλ͕ಘΒΔΕͷͰ ͜ͷσʔλͰԿ͔Ͱ͖ͨΒخ͍͠

  ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$- w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1   !7 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU  QBSBMMFMEBUB &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO  %F&O #5 .PEFM  XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM  NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB %F  5FYU &O 5FYU

  ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$- w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1   !8 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU  QBSBMMFMEBUB &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO  %F&O #5 .PEFM  XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM  NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB %F  5FYU &O 5FYU ͜ͷ#5ʹΑΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸  HSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIͰ࡞Δͷ͕௨ྫ

  ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$- w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1   !9 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU  QBSBMMFMEBUB &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO  %F&O #5 .PEFM  XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM  NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB %F  5FYU &O 5FYU 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBTZOUIFUJDTSD PSJHJOBMUHU  ʢཁ͢ΔʹTZOUIFUJDEBUB͸ٖࣅର༁σʔλʣ   ࠷ऴతʹॱํ޲ͷϞσϧ͸  QBSBMMFMEBUB CJUFYU TZOUIFUJDEBUBͰֶश͢ΔͷͰ   େྔͷσʔλͰֶश͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ

4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ  Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏  ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷ จ ୯ޠ Λग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ 
."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷۙࣅతͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ w લఏ."1ਪఆʹۙࣅͰ͖Δग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.- w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ   ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔   ˠTZOUIFUJDTSDͱͯ͠SFHVMBSͳ΋ͷΛฦ͢ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠  TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ   UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH  CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !10

."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷۙࣅతͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ w લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.- w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ   ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠  TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ   UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH  CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !11 ྫHSFFEZ yt−1 yt−1 … … yt−2 /.5EFDPEFS 7PDBCTJ[F 1SPCBCJMJUZ … … yt BSHNBY BSHNBY

."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷۙࣅతͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ w લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.- w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ   ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔   ˠTZOUIFUJDTSDͱͯ͠SFHVMBSͳ΋ͷΛฦ͢ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠  TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ   UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH  CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !12 ؾ࣋ͪͱͯ͠͸෼෍ͷҰ෦ΛݟΔͷͰ͸ͳ͘   ΋ͬͱଟ༷ͳײ͡ʹͳΔΑ͏ʹ͍ͯ͠Δ   🤔཭ࢄతʹͦΕΛ΍Δͷ͸ʜͲ͏ͳΜͩΖ͏ʜ  CFBN OPJTF͸ͦ͏ͳΔͷ͔ʜ

4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ  Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏  ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷΛग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ  ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ w
લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.- w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ   ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠  TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ   UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH  CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !13 yt−1 yt−1 … … yt−2 /.5EFDPEFS 7PDBCTJ[F 1SPCBCJMJUZ … … yt TBNQMJOH TBNQMJOH TBNQMJOH TBNQMJOH yt−1 yt−1 … … yt−2 /.5EFDPEFS 7PDBCTJ[F 1SPCBCJMJUZ … … yt 4FMFDU  UPQLXPSET  OPSNBMJ[F 4FMFDU  UPQLXPSET  OPSNBMJ[F TBNQMJOH UPQL L ˣ֬཰͕௿͍୯ޠΛબ୒͢Δ͔΋

4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ  Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏  ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷΛग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ  ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ w
લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.- w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ   ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠  TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ   UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH  CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !14 CFBN୳ࡧʹΑΔҰ൪ྑ͍ग़ྗ w XPSEESPQ͋Δ୯ޠΛ࡟আ͢Δ w XPSECMBOLb#-"/,`ʹஔ׵͢Δ w XPSETIV⒐Fॱ൪ΛೖΕସ͑Δ ࣍ͷॲཧΛߦ͍ OPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ CFBNग़ྗ͕  ΊͪΌͪ͘Όʹͳͬͨจ

4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ  Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏  ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷΛग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ  ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷۙࣅతͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ w
લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.- w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ   ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠  TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ   UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH  CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !15 CFBN୳ࡧʹΑΔҰ൪ྑ͍ग़ྗ w XPSEESPQ͋Δ୯ޠΛ࡟আ͢Δ w XPSECMBOLb#-"/,`ʹஔ׵͢Δ w XPSETIV⒐Fॱ൪ΛೖΕସ͑Δ ࣍ͷॲཧΛߦ͍ OPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ CFBNग़ྗ͕  ΊͪΌͪ͘Όʹͳͬͨจ ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDΛֶशʹ࢖༻͢Δ ˠEFOPJTJOH"VUP&ODPEFS

."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ w લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.- w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ   ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠  TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ   UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH  CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !16 🤔TBNQMFͱCFBN OPJTFͷग़ྗ͕ͳΜ͔͕ͩ͹͍͜ͱʹͳΔͷͰ͸ ˠͳΓ·ͨ͠ɻ  ͿͬͪΌ͚TBNQMJOH͸BVUPSFHSFTTJWFΛߟ͑Δͱ΋ͬͱ͑Β͍͜ͱʹͳͬͯ΋͍͍ ͱࢥ͏͕ ͦͷล͸ޠΒΕͯͳ͍ ݸਓతʹ͸UPQLͩͱLͷ෯Ͱଟ༷ͳग़ྗΛग़ͭͭ͠ ่ͦͦ͜͜Εͳ͍͍ͯ͘ͷ͔ͳ   ͱࢥ͍ͬͯΔΜͰ͕͢ʜ

࣮ݧઃఆ w ຋༁ํ޲ EBUB&OHMJTI(FSNBO 8.5`ˡNBJO  EBUBTJ[F<QBSBMMFM>.TFOUT<NPOPMJOHVBM>.TFOUT NBY   EFWOFXTUFTU  UFTUOFXTUFTU 
ֶशσʔλ QBSBMMFM ͷ,TFOUTΛIFMEPVUTFUͱͯ͠ΔˡٖࣅσʔλΛೖΕͨ࣌ͷߋ৽ճ਺ΛܾΊͯΔ w #1& KPJOUTSDBOEUHU ,UZQFTˡTBNQMJOHͰ͍͢͝ग़ྗ͕ग़͖ͯͦ͏ w ຋༁ํ޲ EBUB&OHMJTI'SFODI 8.5`ˡ405"͕ݴ͍͍ͨ  EBUBTJ[F<QBSBMMFM>.TFOUT<NPOPMJOHVBM>.  EFWOFXTUFTU  UFTUOFXTUFTU w ධՁUPLFOJ[FE#-&6ͱEFUPLFOJ[FE#-&6ͲͪΒ΋΍ͬͨ w /.5Ϟσϧ#JH5SBOTGPSNFS GBJSTFR   CFBNTJ[F w 5PQLL\ ^Ͱ΍ͬͯ ͲΕ΋ࣅͨΑ͏ͳ݁ՌʹͳͬͨͷͰLΛใࠂ !17

4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ࡞ΓํΛ  ৭ʑ΍ͬͨ݁Ռ .͕CJUFYUPOMZ ͦ͜ʹٖࣅσʔλΛ଍ͯ͠Δˠ ɹˣCJUFYU.TFOUT TZOUIFUJDTFOUT. !18

4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ࡞ΓํΛ  ৭ʑ΍ͬͨ݁Ռ .͕CJUFYUPOMZ ͦ͜ʹٖࣅσʔλΛ଍ͯ͠Δˠ ɹˣCJUFYU.TFOUT TZOUIFUJDTFOUT. !19 TBNQMJOHͱCFBN OPJTF͕͍͍ײͩͬͨ͡  UPQ͸ͪΐͬͱ͍͍ 
ˠͳΜͰͩΖ͏ OPJTZTSDTFOUFODF͸ֶश͕IBSE EFOPJTJOH"&ฒײ 4BNQMJOHग़ྗ͸BSHNBYग़ྗΑΓ෼෍ΛΑ͘දݱͰ͖͍ͯΔ  ˠͲͪΒ΋USBJOJOHTJHOBM͕CFFN΍HSFFEZΑΓSJDIFSͳͷͰ͸   ˠͦͷลΓΛ෼ੳ͢Δ

SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͳͷ͔Λ  ௐ΂ͯݟͨXJUI11- USBJOJOHMPTT QQM ΛΈͯΈͨ TZOUIFUJDEBUB.TFOUT ֤FQPDIऴྃ࣌ʹUSBJOJOHEBUBͷ,จରʹؔ͢ΔQQM  CJUFYUPOMZ͸CJUFYU͔Β,  #5༗Γ͸TZOUIFUJDEBUB͔Β,
UHUଆͱͯ͠ಉҰͷ΋ͷΛ࢖༻   ˠQQM͕ଈԼ͕Δ৔߹͸ֶश͕ͪΐΖ͍ ͱ͍͏͜ͱʹͳΔ !20 4BNQMJOH΍CFBN OPJTF͸QQM͕େ͖͍  ˠSJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBM ͱ͍͏͜ͱΒ͍͠  🤔ͦ΋ͦ΋ԿΛ΋ͬͯSJDIUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͱݴ͏ͷ ͔QQMCJHHFSˠSJDIFS͸ݴ͑Δʜ TBNQMJOH΍OPJTFʹΑͬͯଟ༷ͳTSDΛݟΔ  ˠNPEFM͸SFPSEFSJOH΍TVCTUJUVUJPOʹSPCVTUʹ ͳΔ ͨͱٖ͑ࣅOPJTF͕ݱ࣮ʹଘࡏ͠ͳͯ͘΋ 🤔෦෼తʹ͸༗Γͦ͏͚ͩͲ΋ʜͦΕʹͯ͠΋্͕Γ ͗͢Ͱ͸

SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͳͷ͔Λ  ௐ΂ͯݟͨXJUIݴޠϞσϧ w ΊͬͪΌSFHVMBSͳֶशEBUB͸-BOHVBHF.PEFMͰ౰ͯ΍͍͢ͷͰ͸  ͭ·Γଟ༷ͳײ͔͡SFHVMBSͳײ͔͡ΛධՁ͢Δ w ཁ͢Δʹ  -.ΛCJUFYU UHU
Ͱֶश   ෼໺ͷಉ͡CJUFYUͰ#5Λֶश   ͜ͷ#5ʹΑͬͯੜ੒͞ΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDΛ-.ͰଌΔ  MPXQQMˠSFHVMBSTZOUIFUJDTSD w ࣮ࡍʹ͸ CJUFYU͔Β  -.ֶशͷֶशʹ.TFOUT TSDଆ HSBN,OFTFS/FZ   #5Ϟσϧֶशʹ,TFOUT   ,ʹରͯ͠#5 ಘΒΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDʹରͯ͠-.ͷQQMΛܭଌ !21

SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͳͷ͔Λ  ௐ΂ͯݟͨXJUIݴޠϞσϧ w ΊͬͪΌSFHVMBSͳֶशEBUB͸-BOHVBHF.PEFMͰ౰ͯ΍͍͢ͷͰ͸  ͭ·Γଟ༷ͳײ͔͡SFHVMBSͳײ͔͡ΛධՁ͢Δ w ཁ͢Δʹ  -.ΛCJUFYU UHU
Ͱֶश   ෼໺ͷಉ͡CJUFYUͰ#5Λֶश   ͜ͷ#5ʹΑͬͯੜ੒͞ΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDΛ-.ͰଌΔ  MPXQQMˠSFHVMBSTZOUIFUJDTSD w CJUFYU͔Β  -.ֶशͷֶशʹ.TFOUT TSDଆ HSBN,OFTFS/FZ   #5Ϟσϧֶशʹ,TFOUT   ,ʹରͯ͠#5 ಘΒΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDʹରͯ͠-.ͷQQMΛܭଌ !22 ͜ͷ݁Ռ͔Β TBNQMJOH΍CFBN OPJTFͷํ͕  SJDIͳग़ྗΛग़͍ͯ͠Δ ͱݴ͑Δ ୯७ͳCFBNͰ͸มಈੑ͕ෆ଍ͯͯ͠   OPJTFͱ͔ΑΓ΋USBJOJOHTJHOBM͕ऑ͍  Έ͍ͨͳ͜ͱ͕ݴ͑ͦ͏Ͱ͢Ͷ    ͱݴ͏͜ͱΒ͍͕͠ʜ

-PXSFTPVSDFͰޮ͘ͱΊͬͪΌ خ͘͠ͳ͍Ͱ͔͢ w ࠓ·Ͱ͸CJUFYUͱͯ͠.͙Β͍࢖͖ͬͯͨ  ˠݮΒͨ࣌͠ʹ ͜ͷOPJTFΛؚΜͩTZOUIFUJDTSD͸༗ޮ͔ w CJUFYUΛ,࢖͏ઃఆ ,࢖͏ઃఆͰ΍ͬͯݟͨ 
#5 %F&O ͸,Ͱ#-&6 ,Ͱ#-&6 .Ͱ#-&6 !23 ˡ఺ઢͷؙͰғΜͩ఺͕CJUFYUPOMZ  ͔ͦ͜ΒTZOUIFUJDTSDΛ଍ͯ͠Δܗ ݁ՌMPXSFTPVSDFͩͱTBNQMJOHͰ૿΍͢  ΑΓ͸CFBNͰ૿΍ͨ͠ํ͕ྑͦ͞͏  ͍ͯ͏ͷ΋ ͖ͪΜͱͨ͠ίʔύε͕খ͍͞ͱ  ͦ΋ͦ΋OPJTFʹରͯ͠੬͍ײ͡ʹͳΔ͔Β 

4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ  EPNBJOࣄ৘ w ຊ෺WTِ෺ %PNBJOͱ͔ͷӨڹௐࠪ͢Δ w #JUFYU͔Β,TFOUTQBJSΛ࢖ͬͯ#5Λֶश͢Δ  ͞Βʹ͜ͷ,TFOUTQBJSͱ  ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश OPSNBMCJUFYU
  ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBͷUHUʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷ TZOUIFUJDEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5CJUFYU   /FXTDSBXMEBUBʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷTZOUIFUJDEBUB Λ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5OFXT w ͱͷൺֱͰຊ෺WTِ෺Λ   ͱͷൺֱͰ EPNBJOʹؔ͢ΔӨڹௐࠪΛߦ͏ w ධՁTFUOFXTUFTU OFXTXJSF ͱ8.5ͷIFMEPVUTFU NJY !24 #5͸TBNQMJOHΛߦ͏

4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ  EPNBJOࣄ৘ w ຊ෺WTِ෺ %PNBJOͱ͔ͷӨڹௐࠪ͢Δ w #JUFYU͔Β,TFOUTQBJSΛ࢖ͬͯ#5Λֶश͢Δ  ͞Βʹ͜ͷ,TFOUTQBJSͱ  ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश OPSNBMCJUFYU
  ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBͷUHUʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷ TZOUIFUJDEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5CJUFYU   /FXTDSBXMEBUBʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷTZOUIFUJDEBUB Λ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5OFXT w ͱͷൺֱͰຊ෺WTِ෺Λ   ͱͷൺֱͰ EPNBJOʹؔ͢ΔӨڹௐࠪΛߦ͏ w ධՁTFUOFXTUFTU OFXTXJSF ͱ8.5ͷIFMEPVUTFU NJY !25 #5͸TBNQMJOHΛߦ͏ ຊ෺WTِ෺  Bˠຊ෺ CJUFYU ͕#-&6VQِ෺ #5CJUFYU ͕#-&6VQ  ˠຊ෺ʹରͯ͠·Ͱୡ੒ %PNBJOௐࠪ  B Cͷ#5OFXT #5CJUFYUͷվળ౓߹͍ΛΈͯΈΔˠἧ͍ͬͯΔํ͕ྑ͍  B͔Βे෼ྔͷಉҰEPNBJONPOPMJOHVBM͕͋Ε͹ ΋ͱ΋ͱNJYͰֶश CJUFYU ͨ͠৔߹ ΑΓ΋͍͍ײ͡ EPNBJOBEBQUBUJPOతͳ͜ͱ͸·͋Ͱ͖Δ  

CJUFYUͷํΛ  VQTBNQMJOHͯ͠ݟͨ w 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͱEBUBTJ[FΛἧ͑ΔΑ͏ͳؾ࣋ͪ w ۩ମతʹ͸΋ͱ΋ͱCJUFYU.ͩͬͨ  ΋ͷΛOഒ͢Δײ͡  ྫO  ˠCJUFYU. TZOUIFUJD.
w 'JH͕OΛ ʹͨ࣌͠ͷ݁Ռ  4ZOUIFUJDEBUB͸.ݻఆ w (SFFEZ΍CFBN͸OΛ͋͛Δͱ  ྑ͍͕ OPJTFܥ͸ͦ͏Ͱ΋ͳ͍ !26

405"ͱͬͨ࿩ w NPOPMJOHVBMEBUBͱͯ͠.TFOUTಥͬࠐΜͩ  ˠͱΓ·ͨ͠ !27

·ͱΊ w #BDLUSBOTMBUJPOʹΑΔग़ྗΛOPJTZͳײ͡ʹ͢Δ͜ͱͰੑ ೳ্͕͕ͬͨ  ˠ୯७ͳैདྷͷग़ྗͱൺ΂ͯ SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMΛग़͠ ͯΔ͔ΒͰ͠ΐ͏ ͨͩ͠MPXSFTPVSDF͸আ͘ w
405"ͱͬͨ w 🤔৭ʑࡶ͚ͩͲ΋ͱΓ͋͑ͣେྔσʔλ͕͋ΔͳΒ཭ࢄత OPJTF TSDଆͷΈ ͸ׂͱ༗ޮ   ࠷ॳ͸OCFTUग़ྗ OPSNBMJ[F TBNQMFTFOUFODFΈ͍ͨʹ ͢Δͱࢥͬͯͨ੎ !28

ࢀߟจݙ w *NQSPWJOH/FVSBM.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO.PEFMTXJUI.POPMJOHVBM %BUB4FOOSJDIFUBM "$- w 1ISBTF#BTFE/FVSBM6OTVQFSWJTFE.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO -BNQMFFUBM &./-1 w
"OBMZ[JOH6ODFSUBJOUZJO/FVSBM.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO0UUFUBM *$.- w (&$Ͱࣅͨ࿩  /PJTJOHBOE%FOPJTJOH/BUVSBM-BOHVBHF%JWFSTF #BDLUSBOTMBUJPOGPS(SBNNBS$PSSFDUJPO9JFFUBM /""$- !29

論文紹介: Understanding Back-Translation at Scale

論文紹介: Understanding Back-Translation at Scale

Satoru Katsumata

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6OEFSTUBOEJOH  #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOBU4DBMF 4FSHFZ&EVOPW .ZMF0UU   .JDIBFM"VMJ %BWJE(SBOHJFS &./-1 ঺հখொݚ.উຢஐ

֓ཁ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨʂ  ˠCBDLUSBOTMBUJPO #5 ʹΑٖͬͯࣅతͳର༁σʔλΛ࡞੒ ֶशσʔλ ʹ௥Ճ͢Δख๏͕Α͘༻͍ΒΕΔ w ͜ͷ࿦จ͸#5ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDʹ͍ͭͯ

֓ཁ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨʂ  ˠCBDLUSBOTMBUJPO #5 ʹΑٖͬͯࣅతͳର༁σʔλΛ࡞੒ ֶशσʔλ ʹ௥Ճ͢Δख๏͕Α͘༻͍ΒΕΔ w ͜ͷ࿦จ͸#5ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDʹ͍ͭͯ

֓ཁ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨʂ  ˠCBDLUSBOTMBUJPO #5 ʹΑٖͬͯࣅతͳର༁σʔλΛ࡞੒ ֶशσʔλ ʹ௥Ճ͢Δख๏͕Α͘༻͍ΒΕΔ w ͜ͷ࿦จ͸#5ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDʹ͍ͭͯ

վΊͯ  #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ  ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश   UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ  ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDEBUBΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

վΊͯ  #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ  ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश   UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ  ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

վΊͯ  #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ  ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश   UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ  ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDEBUBΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

վΊͯ  #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ  ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश   UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ  ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDEBUBΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

վΊͯ  #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ  ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश   UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ  ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDEBUBΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ  Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏  ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷ จ ୯ޠ Λग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ

4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ  Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏  ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷ จ ୯ޠ Λग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ

4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ  Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏  ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷ จ ୯ޠ Λग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ

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