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論文紹介: Understanding Back-Translation at Scale

Avatar for Satoru Katsumata Satoru Katsumata
December 10, 2023
Research
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論文紹介: Understanding Back-Translation at Scale

- 首都大 小町研 EMNLP 2018 読み会
- Understanding Back-Translation at Scale. Edunov et al., EMNLP2018 を紹介
- paper URL: https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1045.pdf

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Satoru Katsumata

December 10, 2023
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Transcript

  1. 6OEFSTUBOEJOH
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  6. վΊͯ
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  7. վΊͯ
 #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ
 ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश 
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  8. վΊͯ
 #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ
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  9. վΊͯ
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  10. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
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  11. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
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  12. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
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 ˠTZOUIFUJDTSDͱͯ͠SFHVMBSͳ΋ͷΛฦ͢ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
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 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !12 ؾ࣋ͪͱͯ͠͸෼෍ͷҰ෦ΛݟΔͷͰ͸ͳ͘ 
 ΋ͬͱଟ༷ͳײ͡ʹͳΔΑ͏ʹ͍ͯ͠Δ 
 🤔཭ࢄతʹͦΕΛ΍Δͷ͸ʜͲ͏ͳΜͩΖ͏ʜ
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  13. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
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 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷΛग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
  ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w

    લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !13 yt−1 yt−1 … … yt−2 /.5EFDPEFS 7PDBCTJ[F 1SPCBCJMJUZ … … yt TBNQMJOH TBNQMJOH TBNQMJOH TBNQMJOH yt−1 yt−1 … … yt−2 /.5EFDPEFS 7PDBCTJ[F 1SPCBCJMJUZ … … yt 4FMFDU
 UPQLXPSET
 OPSNBMJ[F 4FMFDU
 UPQLXPSET
 OPSNBMJ[F TBNQMJOH UPQL L ˣ֬཰͕௿͍୯ޠΛબ୒͢Δ͔΋

  14. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷΛग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
  ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w

    લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !14 CFBN୳ࡧʹΑΔҰ൪ྑ͍ग़ྗ w XPSEESPQ͋Δ୯ޠΛ࡟আ͢Δ w XPSECMBOLb#-"/,`ʹஔ׵͢Δ w XPSETIV⒐Fॱ൪ΛೖΕସ͑Δ ࣍ͷॲཧΛߦ͍ OPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ CFBNग़ྗ͕
 ΊͪΌͪ͘Όʹͳͬͨจ

  15. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷΛग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
  ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷۙࣅతͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w

    લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !15 CFBN୳ࡧʹΑΔҰ൪ྑ͍ग़ྗ w XPSEESPQ͋Δ୯ޠΛ࡟আ͢Δ w XPSECMBOLb#-"/,`ʹஔ׵͢Δ w XPSETIV⒐Fॱ൪ΛೖΕସ͑Δ ࣍ͷॲཧΛߦ͍ OPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ CFBNग़ྗ͕
 ΊͪΌͪ͘Όʹͳͬͨจ ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDΛֶशʹ࢖༻͢Δ ˠEFOPJTJOH"VUP&ODPEFS

  16. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷ จ ୯ޠ Λग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
 

    ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !16 🤔TBNQMFͱCFBN OPJTFͷग़ྗ͕ͳΜ͔͕ͩ͹͍͜ͱʹͳΔͷͰ͸  ˠͳΓ·ͨ͠ɻ
 ͿͬͪΌ͚TBNQMJOH͸BVUPSFHSFTTJWFΛߟ͑Δͱ΋ͬͱ͑Β͍͜ͱʹͳͬͯ΋͍͍ ͱࢥ͏͕ ͦͷล͸ޠΒΕͯͳ͍  ݸਓతʹ͸UPQLͩͱLͷ෯Ͱଟ༷ͳग़ྗΛग़ͭͭ͠ ่ͦͦ͜͜Εͳ͍͍ͯ͘ͷ͔ͳ 
 ͱࢥ͍ͬͯΔΜͰ͕͢ʜ

  17. ࣮ݧઃఆ w ຋༁ํ޲ EBUB&OHMJTI(FSNBO 8.5`ˡNBJO
 EBUBTJ[F<QBSBMMFM>.TFOUT<NPOPMJOHVBM>.TFOUT NBY 
 EFWOFXTUFTU
 UFTUOFXTUFTU


    ֶशσʔλ QBSBMMFM ͷ,TFOUTΛIFMEPVUTFUͱͯ͠ΔˡٖࣅσʔλΛೖΕͨ࣌ͷߋ৽ճ਺ΛܾΊͯΔ w #1& KPJOUTSDBOEUHU ,UZQFTˡTBNQMJOHͰ͍͢͝ग़ྗ͕ग़͖ͯͦ͏ w ຋༁ํ޲ EBUB&OHMJTI'SFODI 8.5`ˡ405"͕ݴ͍͍ͨ
 EBUBTJ[F<QBSBMMFM>.TFOUT<NPOPMJOHVBM>.
 EFWOFXTUFTU
 UFTUOFXTUFTU w ධՁUPLFOJ[FE#-&6ͱEFUPLFOJ[FE#-&6ͲͪΒ΋΍ͬͨ w /.5Ϟσϧ#JH5SBOTGPSNFS GBJSTFR 
 CFBNTJ[F w 5PQLL\   ^Ͱ΍ͬͯ ͲΕ΋ࣅͨΑ͏ͳ݁ՌʹͳͬͨͷͰLΛใࠂ !17

  18. 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ࡞ΓํΛ
 ৭ʑ΍ͬͨ݁Ռ .͕CJUFYUPOMZ ͦ͜ʹٖࣅσʔλΛ଍ͯ͠Δˠ ɹˣCJUFYU.TFOUT TZOUIFUJDTFOUT. !18

  19. 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ࡞ΓํΛ
 ৭ʑ΍ͬͨ݁Ռ .͕CJUFYUPOMZ ͦ͜ʹٖࣅσʔλΛ଍ͯ͠Δˠ ɹˣCJUFYU.TFOUT TZOUIFUJDTFOUT. !19 TBNQMJOHͱCFBN OPJTF͕͍͍ײͩͬͨ͡
 UPQ͸ͪΐͬͱ͍͍


    ˠͳΜͰͩΖ͏  OPJTZTSDTFOUFODF͸ֶश͕IBSE EFOPJTJOH"&ฒײ  4BNQMJOHग़ྗ͸BSHNBYग़ྗΑΓ෼෍ΛΑ͘දݱͰ͖͍ͯΔ
 ˠͲͪΒ΋USBJOJOHTJHOBM͕CFFN΍HSFFEZΑΓSJDIFSͳͷͰ͸ 
 ˠͦͷลΓΛ෼ੳ͢Δ

  20. SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͳͷ͔Λ
 ௐ΂ͯݟͨXJUI11- USBJOJOHMPTT QQM ΛΈͯΈͨ TZOUIFUJDEBUB.TFOUT  ֤FQPDIऴྃ࣌ʹUSBJOJOHEBUBͷ,จରʹؔ͢ΔQQM
 CJUFYUPOMZ͸CJUFYU͔Β,
 #5༗Γ͸TZOUIFUJDEBUB͔Β,

    UHUଆͱͯ͠ಉҰͷ΋ͷΛ࢖༻ 
 ˠQQM͕ଈԼ͕Δ৔߹͸ֶश͕ͪΐΖ͍ ͱ͍͏͜ͱʹͳΔ !20 4BNQMJOH΍CFBN OPJTF͸QQM͕େ͖͍
 ˠSJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBM ͱ͍͏͜ͱΒ͍͠
 🤔ͦ΋ͦ΋ԿΛ΋ͬͯSJDIUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͱݴ͏ͷ ͔QQMCJHHFSˠSJDIFS͸ݴ͑Δʜ  TBNQMJOH΍OPJTFʹΑͬͯଟ༷ͳTSDΛݟΔ
 ˠNPEFM͸SFPSEFSJOH΍TVCTUJUVUJPOʹSPCVTUʹ ͳΔ ͨͱٖ͑ࣅOPJTF͕ݱ࣮ʹଘࡏ͠ͳͯ͘΋  🤔෦෼తʹ͸༗Γͦ͏͚ͩͲ΋ʜͦΕʹͯ͠΋্͕Γ ͗͢Ͱ͸ 

  21. SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͳͷ͔Λ
 ௐ΂ͯݟͨXJUIݴޠϞσϧ w ΊͬͪΌSFHVMBSͳֶशEBUB͸-BOHVBHF.PEFMͰ౰ͯ΍͍͢ͷͰ͸
 ͭ·Γଟ༷ͳײ͔͡SFHVMBSͳײ͔͡ΛධՁ͢Δ  w ཁ͢Δʹ
 -.ΛCJUFYU UHU

    Ͱֶश 
 ෼໺ͷಉ͡CJUFYUͰ#5Λֶश 
 ͜ͷ#5ʹΑͬͯੜ੒͞ΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDΛ-.ͰଌΔ
 MPXQQMˠSFHVMBSTZOUIFUJDTSD w ࣮ࡍʹ͸ CJUFYU͔Β
 -.ֶशͷֶशʹ.TFOUT TSDଆ  HSBN,OFTFS/FZ 
 #5Ϟσϧֶशʹ,TFOUT 
 ,ʹରͯ͠#5 ಘΒΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDʹରͯ͠-.ͷQQMΛܭଌ !21

  22. SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͳͷ͔Λ
 ௐ΂ͯݟͨXJUIݴޠϞσϧ w ΊͬͪΌSFHVMBSͳֶशEBUB͸-BOHVBHF.PEFMͰ౰ͯ΍͍͢ͷͰ͸
 ͭ·Γଟ༷ͳײ͔͡SFHVMBSͳײ͔͡ΛධՁ͢Δ  w ཁ͢Δʹ
 -.ΛCJUFYU UHU

    Ͱֶश 
 ෼໺ͷಉ͡CJUFYUͰ#5Λֶश 
 ͜ͷ#5ʹΑͬͯੜ੒͞ΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDΛ-.ͰଌΔ
 MPXQQMˠSFHVMBSTZOUIFUJDTSD w CJUFYU͔Β
 -.ֶशͷֶशʹ.TFOUT TSDଆ  HSBN,OFTFS/FZ 
 #5Ϟσϧֶशʹ,TFOUT 
 ,ʹରͯ͠#5 ಘΒΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDʹରͯ͠-.ͷQQMΛܭଌ !22 ͜ͷ݁Ռ͔Β TBNQMJOH΍CFBN OPJTFͷํ͕
 SJDIͳग़ྗΛग़͍ͯ͠Δ ͱݴ͑Δ ୯७ͳCFBNͰ͸มಈੑ͕ෆ଍ͯͯ͠ 
 OPJTFͱ͔ΑΓ΋USBJOJOHTJHOBM͕ऑ͍
 Έ͍ͨͳ͜ͱ͕ݴ͑ͦ͏Ͱ͢Ͷ
 
 ͱݴ͏͜ͱΒ͍͕͠ʜ

  23. -PXSFTPVSDFͰޮ͘ͱΊͬͪΌ خ͘͠ͳ͍Ͱ͔͢ w ࠓ·Ͱ͸CJUFYUͱͯ͠.͙Β͍࢖͖ͬͯͨ
 ˠݮΒͨ࣌͠ʹ ͜ͷOPJTFΛؚΜͩTZOUIFUJDTSD͸༗ޮ͔  w CJUFYUΛ,࢖͏ઃఆ ,࢖͏ઃఆͰ΍ͬͯݟͨ


    #5 %F&O ͸,Ͱ#-&6 ,Ͱ#-&6 .Ͱ#-&6 !23 ˡ఺ઢͷؙͰғΜͩ఺͕CJUFYUPOMZ
 ͔ͦ͜ΒTZOUIFUJDTSDΛ଍ͯ͠Δܗ ݁ՌMPXSFTPVSDFͩͱTBNQMJOHͰ૿΍͢
 ΑΓ͸CFBNͰ૿΍ͨ͠ํ͕ྑͦ͞͏
 ͍ͯ͏ͷ΋ ͖ͪΜͱͨ͠ίʔύε͕খ͍͞ͱ
 ͦ΋ͦ΋OPJTFʹରͯ͠੬͍ײ͡ʹͳΔ͔Β


  24. 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ
 EPNBJOࣄ৘ w ຊ෺WTِ෺ %PNBJOͱ͔ͷӨڹௐࠪ͢Δ w #JUFYU͔Β,TFOUTQBJSΛ࢖ͬͯ#5Λֶश͢Δ
 ͞Βʹ͜ͷ,TFOUTQBJSͱ
 ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश OPSNBMCJUFYU

    
 ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBͷUHUʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷ TZOUIFUJDEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5CJUFYU 
 /FXTDSBXMEBUBʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷTZOUIFUJDEBUB Λ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5OFXT  w ͱͷൺֱͰຊ෺WTِ෺Λ 
 ͱͷൺֱͰ EPNBJOʹؔ͢ΔӨڹௐࠪΛߦ͏ w ධՁTFUOFXTUFTU OFXTXJSF ͱ8.5ͷIFMEPVUTFU NJY  !24 #5͸TBNQMJOHΛߦ͏

  25. 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ
 EPNBJOࣄ৘ w ຊ෺WTِ෺ %PNBJOͱ͔ͷӨڹௐࠪ͢Δ w #JUFYU͔Β,TFOUTQBJSΛ࢖ͬͯ#5Λֶश͢Δ
 ͞Βʹ͜ͷ,TFOUTQBJSͱ
 ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश OPSNBMCJUFYU

    
 ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBͷUHUʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷ TZOUIFUJDEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5CJUFYU 
 /FXTDSBXMEBUBʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷTZOUIFUJDEBUB Λ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5OFXT  w ͱͷൺֱͰຊ෺WTِ෺Λ 
 ͱͷൺֱͰ EPNBJOʹؔ͢ΔӨڹௐࠪΛߦ͏ w ධՁTFUOFXTUFTU OFXTXJSF ͱ8.5ͷIFMEPVUTFU NJY  !25 #5͸TBNQMJOHΛߦ͏  ຊ෺WTِ෺
 Bˠຊ෺ CJUFYU ͕#-&6VQِ෺ #5CJUFYU ͕#-&6VQ
 ˠຊ෺ʹରͯ͠·Ͱୡ੒  %PNBJOௐࠪ
 B Cͷ#5OFXT #5CJUFYUͷվળ౓߹͍ΛΈͯΈΔˠἧ͍ͬͯΔํ͕ྑ͍
 B͔Βे෼ྔͷಉҰEPNBJONPOPMJOHVBM͕͋Ε͹ ΋ͱ΋ͱNJYͰֶश CJUFYU ͨ͠৔߹ ΑΓ΋͍͍ײ͡ EPNBJOBEBQUBUJPOతͳ͜ͱ͸·͋Ͱ͖Δ 


  26. CJUFYUͷํΛ
 VQTBNQMJOHͯ͠ݟͨ w 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͱEBUBTJ[FΛἧ͑ΔΑ͏ͳؾ࣋ͪ w ۩ମతʹ͸΋ͱ΋ͱCJUFYU.ͩͬͨ
 ΋ͷΛOഒ͢Δײ͡
 ྫO
 ˠCJUFYU. TZOUIFUJD.

    w 'JH͕OΛ   ʹͨ࣌͠ͷ݁Ռ
 4ZOUIFUJDEBUB͸.ݻఆ w (SFFEZ΍CFBN͸OΛ͋͛Δͱ
 ྑ͍͕ OPJTFܥ͸ͦ͏Ͱ΋ͳ͍ !26

  27. 405"ͱͬͨ࿩ w NPOPMJOHVBMEBUBͱͯ͠.TFOUTಥͬࠐΜͩ
 ˠͱΓ·ͨ͠ !27

  28. ·ͱΊ w #BDLUSBOTMBUJPOʹΑΔग़ྗΛOPJTZͳײ͡ʹ͢Δ͜ͱͰੑ ೳ্͕͕ͬͨ
 ˠ୯७ͳैདྷͷग़ྗͱൺ΂ͯ SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMΛग़͠ ͯΔ͔ΒͰ͠ΐ͏ ͨͩ͠MPXSFTPVSDF͸আ͘  w

    405"ͱͬͨ w 🤔৭ʑࡶ͚ͩͲ΋ͱΓ͋͑ͣେྔσʔλ͕͋ΔͳΒ཭ࢄత OPJTF TSDଆͷΈ ͸ׂͱ༗ޮ 
 ࠷ॳ͸OCFTUग़ྗ OPSNBMJ[F TBNQMFTFOUFODFΈ͍ͨʹ ͢Δͱࢥͬͯͨ੎ !28

  29. ࢀߟจݙ w *NQSPWJOH/FVSBM.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO.PEFMTXJUI.POPMJOHVBM %BUB4FOOSJDIFUBM "$- w 1ISBTF#BTFE/FVSBM6OTVQFSWJTFE.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO -BNQMFFUBM &./-1 w

    "OBMZ[JOH6ODFSUBJOUZJO/FVSBM.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO0UUFUBM  *$.- w (&$Ͱࣅͨ࿩
 /PJTJOHBOE%FOPJTJOH/BUVSBM-BOHVBHF%JWFSTF #BDLUSBOTMBUJPOGPS(SBNNBS$PSSFDUJPO9JFFUBM /""$-  !29