Upgrade to Pro — share decks privately, control downloads, hide ads and more …

論文紹介: Understanding Back-Translation at Scale

Satoru Katsumata
December 10, 2023
Research
0
45

論文紹介: Understanding Back-Translation at Scale

- 首都大 小町研 EMNLP 2018 読み会
- Understanding Back-Translation at Scale. Edunov et al., EMNLP2018 を紹介
- paper URL: https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1045.pdf

Satoru Katsumata

December 10, 2023
Tweet

More Decks by Satoru Katsumata

See All by Satoru Katsumata
論文紹介: Word-node2vec
katsumata420
0
47
論文紹介: How Contextual are Contextualized Word Representations?
katsumata420
0
34
論文紹介: Incorporating Syntactic and Semantic Information in Word Embeddings using Graph Convolutional Networks
katsumata420
0
31
論文紹介: Exploiting Monolingual Data at Scale for Neural Machine Translation
katsumata420
0
32
論文紹介: Deep Neural Machine Translation with Linear Associative Unit
katsumata420
0
43
論文紹介: A convolutional encoder model for neural machine translation
katsumata420
0
46
論文紹介: Lexically constrained decoding for sequence generation using grid beam search
katsumata420
0
59
論文紹介: Memory-augmented Neural Machine Translation
katsumata420
0
39
論文紹介: Guiding neural machine translation with retrieved translation pieces
katsumata420
0
42

Other Decks in Research

See All in Research
Practical The One Person Framework
asonas
1
1.6k
授業評価アンケートのテキストマイニング
langstat
1
360
20241115都市交通決起集会 趣旨説明・熊本事例紹介
trafficbrain
0
220
工学としてのSRE再訪 / Revisiting SRE as Engineering
yuukit
19
11k
Weekly AI Agents News! 7月号 プロダクト/ニュースのアーカイブ
masatoto
0
160
医療支援AI開発における臨床と情報学の連携を円滑に進めるために
moda0
0
110
文書画像のデータ化における VLM活用 / Use of VLM in document image data conversion
sansan_randd
2
190
Generative Predictive Model for Autonomous Driving 第61回 コンピュータビジョン勉強会＠関東 (後編)
kentosasaki
0
210
The Fellowship of Trust in AI
tomzimmermann
0
130
ECCV2024読み会: Minimalist Vision with Freeform Pixels
hsmtta
1
140
メールからの名刺情報抽出におけるLLM活用 / Use of LLM in extracting business card information from e-mails
sansan_randd
2
140
ミニ四駆AI用制御装置の事例紹介
aks3g
0
160

Featured

See All Featured
Designing the Hi-DPI Web
ddemaree
280
34k
Docker and Python
trallard
40
3.1k
[RailsConf 2023 Opening Keynote] The Magic of Rails
eileencodes
28
9.1k
5 minutes of I Can Smell Your CMS
philhawksworth
202
19k
What's new in Ruby 2.0
geeforr
343
31k
CSS Pre-Processors: Stylus, Less & Sass
bermonpainter
356
29k
The Myth of the Modular Monolith - Day 2 Keynote - Rails World 2024
eileencodes
16
2.1k
Agile that works and the tools we love
rasmusluckow
327
21k
Side Projects
sachag
452
42k
Art, The Web, and Tiny UX
lynnandtonic
297
20k
Designing Experiences People Love
moore
138
23k
Responsive Adventures: Dirty Tricks From The Dark Corners of Front-End
smashingmag
250
21k

Transcript

  1. 6OEFSTUBOEJOH
 #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOBU4DBMF 4FSHFZ&EVOPW .ZMF0UU 
 .JDIBFM"VMJ %BWJE(SBOHJFS &./-1 ঺հখொݚ.উຢஐ

  2. ֓ཁ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨʂ
 ˠCBDLUSBOTMBUJPO #5 ʹΑٖͬͯࣅతͳର༁σʔλΛ࡞੒ ֶशσʔλ ʹ௥Ճ͢Δख๏͕Α͘༻͍ΒΕΔ w ͜ͷ࿦จ͸#5ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDʹ͍ͭͯ

    ͍͔ͭ͘ͷ࡞ΓํΛݕ౼ͨ͠ w -PXSFTPVSDFͷઃఆͰͳ͚Ε͹ OPJTZTZOUIFUJDTSDʹΑΔֶशσʔλΛ ࢖༻ͨ͠ํ͕ྑ͍͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨ
 ˢOPJTZTZOUIFUJDTSDͷํ͕OPOOPJTZΑΓUSBJOTJHOBM͕ڧ͍ͨΊ 
 ͱ͍͏ओு w ଞʹ΋ #5ʹΑΔTZOUIFUJDEBUBͱHFOVJOFCJUFYUΛൺֱͨ͠ w ͳΜ͔405"ͱͬͨ 8.5&O%F %FFQ-ൺֱ !2

  3. ֓ཁ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨʂ
 ˠCBDLUSBOTMBUJPO #5 ʹΑٖͬͯࣅతͳର༁σʔλΛ࡞੒ ֶशσʔλ ʹ௥Ճ͢Δख๏͕Α͘༻͍ΒΕΔ w ͜ͷ࿦จ͸#5ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDʹ͍ͭͯ

    ͍͔ͭ͘ͷ࡞ΓํΛݕ౼ͨ͠ w -PXSFTPVSDFͷઃఆͰͳ͚Ε͹ ࡶͳTZOUIFUJDTSDʹΑΔֶशσʔλΛ ࢖༻ͨ͠ํ͕ྑ͍͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨ
 ˢOPJTZTZOUIFUJDTSDͷํ͕OPOOPJTZΑΓUSBJOTJHOBM͕
 ڧ͍ͨΊ ͱ͍͏ओு w ଞʹ΋ #5ʹΑΔTZOUIFUJDEBUBͱHFOVJOFCJUFYUΛൺֱͨ͠ w ͳΜ͔405"ͱͬͨ 8.5&O%F %FFQ-ൺֱ !3 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU
 QBSBMMFMEBUB  &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO
 %F&O #5 .PEFM
 XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM
 NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB  %F
 5FYU &O 5FYU

  4. ֓ཁ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨʂ
 ˠCBDLUSBOTMBUJPO #5 ʹΑٖͬͯࣅతͳର༁σʔλΛ࡞੒ ֶशσʔλ ʹ௥Ճ͢Δख๏͕Α͘༻͍ΒΕΔ w ͜ͷ࿦จ͸#5ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDʹ͍ͭͯ

    ͍͔ͭ͘ͷ࡞ΓํΛݕ౼ͨ͠ w -PXSFTPVSDFͷઃఆͰͳ͚Ε͹ ࡶͳTZOUIFUJDTSDʹΑΔֶशσʔλΛ ࢖༻ͨ͠ํ͕ྑ͍͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨ
 ˢOPJTZTZOUIFUJDTSDͷํ͕OPOOPJTZΑΓUSBJOTJHOBM͕
 ڧ͍ͨΊ ͱ͍͏ओு w ଞʹ΋ #5ʹΑΔTZOUIFUJDEBUBͱHFOVJOFCJUFYUΛൺֱͨ͠ w ͳΜ͔405"ͱͬͨ 8.5&O%F %FFQ-ൺֱ !4 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU
 QBSBMMFMEBUB  &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO
 %F&O #5 .PEFM
 XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM
 NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB  %F
 5FYU &O 5FYU ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDΛOPJTZʹͳΔΑ͏ ʹͨ͠ํ͕͍͍ ͱ͍͏͓࿩

  5. վΊͯ
 #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ
 ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश 
 UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ
 ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDEBUBΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

    
 ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$-  w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1 
 !5 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU
 QBSBMMFMEBUB  &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO
 %F&O #5 .PEFM
 XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM
 NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB  %F
 5FYU &O 5FYU

  6. վΊͯ
 #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ
 ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश 
 UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ
 ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

    
 ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$-  w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1 
 !6 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU
 QBSBMMFMEBUB  &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO
 %F&O #5 .PEFM
 XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM
 NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB  %F
 5FYU &O 5FYU .POPMJOHVBMEBUB͸ਓखʹΑΔ΋ͷ
 ยଆ NPOPMJOHVBM ͚ͩͳΒద౰ʹΫϩʔϧ͢Ε͹
 σʔλ͕ಘΒΔΕͷͰ ͜ͷσʔλͰԿ͔Ͱ͖ͨΒخ͍͠

  7. վΊͯ
 #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ
 ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश 
 UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ
 ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDEBUBΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

    
 ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$-  w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1 
 !7 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU
 QBSBMMFMEBUB  &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO
 %F&O #5 .PEFM
 XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM
 NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB  %F
 5FYU &O 5FYU

  8. վΊͯ
 #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ
 ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश 
 UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ
 ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDEBUBΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

    
 ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$-  w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1 
 !8 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU
 QBSBMMFMEBUB  &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO
 %F&O #5 .PEFM
 XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM
 NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB  %F
 5FYU &O 5FYU ͜ͷ#5ʹΑΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸
 HSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIͰ࡞Δͷ͕௨ྫ

  9. վΊͯ
 #BDL5SBOTMBUJPOͱ͸ w /.5ͰUHUଆͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBΛ࢖͍͍ͨ
 ˠٯํ޲ͷ຋༁ϞσϧΛର༁σʔλ͔Βֶश 
 UHUͷNPOPMJOHVBMEBUBʹରͯ͠ਪ࿦Λߦ͍ TZOUIFUJDTSDΛੜ੒͢Δ
 ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDEBUBΛֶशσʔλʹՃ͑ͯ ॱํ޲ͷϞσϧΛֶश

    
 ੑೳ޲্Λ໨ࢦ͢ 4FOOSJDIFUBM "$-  w ࠷ۙ͸6OTVQFSWJTFE.5Ͱ΋࢖ΘΕͨΓͯ͠Δ -BNQMFFUBM &./-1 
 !9 ຋༁ํ޲&OHMJTIˠ(FSNBO ࣗવͳσʔλ͸྘ ٖࣅσʔλ͸ᒵ (FOVJOFCJUFYU
 QBSBMMFMEBUB  &O 5FYU %F 5FYU 5SBJO
 %F&O #5 .PEFM
 XJUICJUFYU .BLFTZOUIFUJDTSD VTJOH#5.PEFM
 NPOPMJOHVBMEBUB  %F
 5FYU &O 5FYU 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBTZOUIFUJDTSD PSJHJOBMUHU
 ʢཁ͢ΔʹTZOUIFUJDEBUB͸ٖࣅର༁σʔλʣ 
 ࠷ऴతʹॱํ޲ͷϞσϧ͸
 QBSBMMFMEBUB CJUFYU  TZOUIFUJDEBUBͰֶश͢ΔͷͰ 
 େྔͷσʔλͰֶश͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ

  10. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷ จ ୯ޠ Λग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
 

    ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷۙࣅతͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w લఏ."1ਪఆʹۙࣅͰ͖Δग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ 
 ˠTZOUIFUJDTSDͱͯ͠SFHVMBSͳ΋ͷΛฦ͢ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !10

  11. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷ จ ୯ޠ Λग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
 

    ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷۙࣅతͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !11 ྫHSFFEZ yt−1 yt−1 … … yt−2 /.5EFDPEFS 7PDBCTJ[F 1SPCBCJMJUZ … … yt BSHNBY BSHNBY

  12. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷ จ ୯ޠ Λग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
 

    ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷۙࣅతͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ 
 ˠTZOUIFUJDTSDͱͯ͠SFHVMBSͳ΋ͷΛฦ͢ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !12 ؾ࣋ͪͱͯ͠͸෼෍ͷҰ෦ΛݟΔͷͰ͸ͳ͘ 
 ΋ͬͱଟ༷ͳײ͡ʹͳΔΑ͏ʹ͍ͯ͠Δ 
 🤔཭ࢄతʹͦΕΛ΍Δͷ͸ʜͲ͏ͳΜͩΖ͏ʜ
 CFBN OPJTF͸ͦ͏ͳΔͷ͔ʜ

  13. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷΛग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
  ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w

    લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !13 yt−1 yt−1 … … yt−2 /.5EFDPEFS 7PDBCTJ[F 1SPCBCJMJUZ … … yt TBNQMJOH TBNQMJOH TBNQMJOH TBNQMJOH yt−1 yt−1 … … yt−2 /.5EFDPEFS 7PDBCTJ[F 1SPCBCJMJUZ … … yt 4FMFDU
 UPQLXPSET
 OPSNBMJ[F 4FMFDU
 UPQLXPSET
 OPSNBMJ[F TBNQMJOH UPQL L ˣ֬཰͕௿͍୯ޠΛબ୒͢Δ͔΋

  14. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷΛग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
  ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w

    લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !14 CFBN୳ࡧʹΑΔҰ൪ྑ͍ग़ྗ w XPSEESPQ͋Δ୯ޠΛ࡟আ͢Δ w XPSECMBOLb#-"/,`ʹஔ׵͢Δ w XPSETIV⒐Fॱ൪ΛೖΕସ͑Δ ࣍ͷॲཧΛߦ͍ OPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ CFBNग़ྗ͕
 ΊͪΌͪ͘Όʹͳͬͨจ

  15. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷΛग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
  ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷۙࣅతͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w

    લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !15 CFBN୳ࡧʹΑΔҰ൪ྑ͍ग़ྗ w XPSEESPQ͋Δ୯ޠΛ࡟আ͢Δ w XPSECMBOLb#-"/,`ʹஔ׵͢Δ w XPSETIV⒐Fॱ൪ΛೖΕସ͑Δ ࣍ͷॲཧΛߦ͍ OPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ CFBNग़ྗ͕
 ΊͪΌͪ͘Όʹͳͬͨจ ͜ͷTZOUIFUJDTSDΛֶशʹ࢖༻͢Δ ˠEFOPJTJOH"VUP&ODPEFS

  16. 4ZOUIFUJDTSDͷ࡞Γํʹ
 Ұ޻෉ w Ұൠʹ #5͸TZOUIFUJDTSD࡞੒ʹHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDIΛߦ͏
 ˠ͜ΕΒͷEFDPEJOH͸࠷΋֬཰ͷେ͖͍΋ͷ จ ୯ޠ Λग़ྗͱ͍ͯ͠Δ
 

    ."1ਪఆͷग़ྗͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͱΈͳͤΔ  w લఏ."1ਪఆʹΑΔग़ྗ͸SJDIUSBOTMBUJPOʹͳΓͮΒ͍ 0UUFUBM *$.-  w ԾઆHSFFEZPSCFBNTFBSDI͸ग़ྗ෼෍ͷҰ൪ߴ͍ͱ͜Ζ͔͠ݟ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰ 
 ੜ੒͞ΕΔTZOUIFUJDTSD͸ਅͷσʔλ෼෍Λద੾ʹΧόʔ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔  w ఏҊग़ྗ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH͢ΔPSCFBNग़ྗʹOPJTFΛ৐ͤΔ w ۩ମతʹ͸ΠΧͷछͷख๏Λࢼͨ͠
 TBNQMJOHग़ྗ෼෍ʹج͍ͮͯTBNQMJOH ֤εςοϓͰ 
 UPQLग़ྗ෼෍ͷ͏্ͪҐLUPLFOΛͱΓ SFOPSNBMJ[F ͜ͷ෼෍͔ΒTBNQMJOH
 CFBN OPJTFCFBNग़ྗʹରͯ͠ ਓ޻తͳOPJTF XPSEESPQ CMBOL TIV⒐F Λ৐ͤΔ !16 🤔TBNQMFͱCFBN OPJTFͷग़ྗ͕ͳΜ͔͕ͩ͹͍͜ͱʹͳΔͷͰ͸  ˠͳΓ·ͨ͠ɻ
 ͿͬͪΌ͚TBNQMJOH͸BVUPSFHSFTTJWFΛߟ͑Δͱ΋ͬͱ͑Β͍͜ͱʹͳͬͯ΋͍͍ ͱࢥ͏͕ ͦͷล͸ޠΒΕͯͳ͍  ݸਓతʹ͸UPQLͩͱLͷ෯Ͱଟ༷ͳग़ྗΛग़ͭͭ͠ ่ͦͦ͜͜Εͳ͍͍ͯ͘ͷ͔ͳ 
 ͱࢥ͍ͬͯΔΜͰ͕͢ʜ

  17. ࣮ݧઃఆ w ຋༁ํ޲ EBUB&OHMJTI(FSNBO 8.5`ˡNBJO
 EBUBTJ[F<QBSBMMFM>.TFOUT<NPOPMJOHVBM>.TFOUT NBY 
 EFWOFXTUFTU
 UFTUOFXTUFTU


    ֶशσʔλ QBSBMMFM ͷ,TFOUTΛIFMEPVUTFUͱͯ͠ΔˡٖࣅσʔλΛೖΕͨ࣌ͷߋ৽ճ਺ΛܾΊͯΔ w #1& KPJOUTSDBOEUHU ,UZQFTˡTBNQMJOHͰ͍͢͝ग़ྗ͕ग़͖ͯͦ͏ w ຋༁ํ޲ EBUB&OHMJTI'SFODI 8.5`ˡ405"͕ݴ͍͍ͨ
 EBUBTJ[F<QBSBMMFM>.TFOUT<NPOPMJOHVBM>.
 EFWOFXTUFTU
 UFTUOFXTUFTU w ධՁUPLFOJ[FE#-&6ͱEFUPLFOJ[FE#-&6ͲͪΒ΋΍ͬͨ w /.5Ϟσϧ#JH5SBOTGPSNFS GBJSTFR 
 CFBNTJ[F w 5PQLL\   ^Ͱ΍ͬͯ ͲΕ΋ࣅͨΑ͏ͳ݁ՌʹͳͬͨͷͰLΛใࠂ !17

  18. 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ࡞ΓํΛ
 ৭ʑ΍ͬͨ݁Ռ .͕CJUFYUPOMZ ͦ͜ʹٖࣅσʔλΛ଍ͯ͠Δˠ ɹˣCJUFYU.TFOUT TZOUIFUJDTFOUT. !18

  19. 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ࡞ΓํΛ
 ৭ʑ΍ͬͨ݁Ռ .͕CJUFYUPOMZ ͦ͜ʹٖࣅσʔλΛ଍ͯ͠Δˠ ɹˣCJUFYU.TFOUT TZOUIFUJDTFOUT. !19 TBNQMJOHͱCFBN OPJTF͕͍͍ײͩͬͨ͡
 UPQ͸ͪΐͬͱ͍͍


    ˠͳΜͰͩΖ͏  OPJTZTSDTFOUFODF͸ֶश͕IBSE EFOPJTJOH"&ฒײ  4BNQMJOHग़ྗ͸BSHNBYग़ྗΑΓ෼෍ΛΑ͘දݱͰ͖͍ͯΔ
 ˠͲͪΒ΋USBJOJOHTJHOBM͕CFFN΍HSFFEZΑΓSJDIFSͳͷͰ͸ 
 ˠͦͷลΓΛ෼ੳ͢Δ

  20. SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͳͷ͔Λ
 ௐ΂ͯݟͨXJUI11- USBJOJOHMPTT QQM ΛΈͯΈͨ TZOUIFUJDEBUB.TFOUT  ֤FQPDIऴྃ࣌ʹUSBJOJOHEBUBͷ,จରʹؔ͢ΔQQM
 CJUFYUPOMZ͸CJUFYU͔Β,
 #5༗Γ͸TZOUIFUJDEBUB͔Β,

    UHUଆͱͯ͠ಉҰͷ΋ͷΛ࢖༻ 
 ˠQQM͕ଈԼ͕Δ৔߹͸ֶश͕ͪΐΖ͍ ͱ͍͏͜ͱʹͳΔ !20 4BNQMJOH΍CFBN OPJTF͸QQM͕େ͖͍
 ˠSJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBM ͱ͍͏͜ͱΒ͍͠
 🤔ͦ΋ͦ΋ԿΛ΋ͬͯSJDIUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͱݴ͏ͷ ͔QQMCJHHFSˠSJDIFS͸ݴ͑Δʜ  TBNQMJOH΍OPJTFʹΑͬͯଟ༷ͳTSDΛݟΔ
 ˠNPEFM͸SFPSEFSJOH΍TVCTUJUVUJPOʹSPCVTUʹ ͳΔ ͨͱٖ͑ࣅOPJTF͕ݱ࣮ʹଘࡏ͠ͳͯ͘΋  🤔෦෼తʹ͸༗Γͦ͏͚ͩͲ΋ʜͦΕʹͯ͠΋্͕Γ ͗͢Ͱ͸ 

  21. SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͳͷ͔Λ
 ௐ΂ͯݟͨXJUIݴޠϞσϧ w ΊͬͪΌSFHVMBSͳֶशEBUB͸-BOHVBHF.PEFMͰ౰ͯ΍͍͢ͷͰ͸
 ͭ·Γଟ༷ͳײ͔͡SFHVMBSͳײ͔͡ΛධՁ͢Δ  w ཁ͢Δʹ
 -.ΛCJUFYU UHU

    Ͱֶश 
 ෼໺ͷಉ͡CJUFYUͰ#5Λֶश 
 ͜ͷ#5ʹΑͬͯੜ੒͞ΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDΛ-.ͰଌΔ
 MPXQQMˠSFHVMBSTZOUIFUJDTSD w ࣮ࡍʹ͸ CJUFYU͔Β
 -.ֶशͷֶशʹ.TFOUT TSDଆ  HSBN,OFTFS/FZ 
 #5Ϟσϧֶशʹ,TFOUT 
 ,ʹରͯ͠#5 ಘΒΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDʹରͯ͠-.ͷQQMΛܭଌ !21

  22. SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMͳͷ͔Λ
 ௐ΂ͯݟͨXJUIݴޠϞσϧ w ΊͬͪΌSFHVMBSͳֶशEBUB͸-BOHVBHF.PEFMͰ౰ͯ΍͍͢ͷͰ͸
 ͭ·Γଟ༷ͳײ͔͡SFHVMBSͳײ͔͡ΛධՁ͢Δ  w ཁ͢Δʹ
 -.ΛCJUFYU UHU

    Ͱֶश 
 ෼໺ͷಉ͡CJUFYUͰ#5Λֶश 
 ͜ͷ#5ʹΑͬͯੜ੒͞ΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDΛ-.ͰଌΔ
 MPXQQMˠSFHVMBSTZOUIFUJDTSD w CJUFYU͔Β
 -.ֶशͷֶशʹ.TFOUT TSDଆ  HSBN,OFTFS/FZ 
 #5Ϟσϧֶशʹ,TFOUT 
 ,ʹରͯ͠#5 ಘΒΕͨTZOUIFUJDTSDʹରͯ͠-.ͷQQMΛܭଌ !22 ͜ͷ݁Ռ͔Β TBNQMJOH΍CFBN OPJTFͷํ͕
 SJDIͳग़ྗΛग़͍ͯ͠Δ ͱݴ͑Δ ୯७ͳCFBNͰ͸มಈੑ͕ෆ଍ͯͯ͠ 
 OPJTFͱ͔ΑΓ΋USBJOJOHTJHOBM͕ऑ͍
 Έ͍ͨͳ͜ͱ͕ݴ͑ͦ͏Ͱ͢Ͷ
 
 ͱݴ͏͜ͱΒ͍͕͠ʜ

  23. -PXSFTPVSDFͰޮ͘ͱΊͬͪΌ خ͘͠ͳ͍Ͱ͔͢ w ࠓ·Ͱ͸CJUFYUͱͯ͠.͙Β͍࢖͖ͬͯͨ
 ˠݮΒͨ࣌͠ʹ ͜ͷOPJTFΛؚΜͩTZOUIFUJDTSD͸༗ޮ͔  w CJUFYUΛ,࢖͏ઃఆ ,࢖͏ઃఆͰ΍ͬͯݟͨ


    #5 %F&O ͸,Ͱ#-&6 ,Ͱ#-&6 .Ͱ#-&6 !23 ˡ఺ઢͷؙͰғΜͩ఺͕CJUFYUPOMZ
 ͔ͦ͜ΒTZOUIFUJDTSDΛ଍ͯ͠Δܗ ݁ՌMPXSFTPVSDFͩͱTBNQMJOHͰ૿΍͢
 ΑΓ͸CFBNͰ૿΍ͨ͠ํ͕ྑͦ͞͏
 ͍ͯ͏ͷ΋ ͖ͪΜͱͨ͠ίʔύε͕খ͍͞ͱ
 ͦ΋ͦ΋OPJTFʹରͯ͠੬͍ײ͡ʹͳΔ͔Β


  24. 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ
 EPNBJOࣄ৘ w ຊ෺WTِ෺ %PNBJOͱ͔ͷӨڹௐࠪ͢Δ w #JUFYU͔Β,TFOUTQBJSΛ࢖ͬͯ#5Λֶश͢Δ
 ͞Βʹ͜ͷ,TFOUTQBJSͱ
 ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश OPSNBMCJUFYU

    
 ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBͷUHUʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷ TZOUIFUJDEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5CJUFYU 
 /FXTDSBXMEBUBʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷTZOUIFUJDEBUB Λ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5OFXT  w ͱͷൺֱͰຊ෺WTِ෺Λ 
 ͱͷൺֱͰ EPNBJOʹؔ͢ΔӨڹௐࠪΛߦ͏ w ධՁTFUOFXTUFTU OFXTXJSF ͱ8.5ͷIFMEPVUTFU NJY  !24 #5͸TBNQMJOHΛߦ͏

  25. 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͷ
 EPNBJOࣄ৘ w ຊ෺WTِ෺ %PNBJOͱ͔ͷӨڹௐࠪ͢Δ w #JUFYU͔Β,TFOUTQBJSΛ࢖ͬͯ#5Λֶश͢Δ
 ͞Βʹ͜ͷ,TFOUTQBJSͱ
 ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश OPSNBMCJUFYU

    
 ࢒ΓͷQBSBMMFMEBUBͷUHUʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷ TZOUIFUJDEBUBΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5CJUFYU 
 /FXTDSBXMEBUBʹରͯ͠#5ʹΑΔਪ࿦Λߦ͍ ͦͷTZOUIFUJDEBUB Λ࢖༻ͯ͠ॱํ޲Λֶश #5OFXT  w ͱͷൺֱͰຊ෺WTِ෺Λ 
 ͱͷൺֱͰ EPNBJOʹؔ͢ΔӨڹௐࠪΛߦ͏ w ධՁTFUOFXTUFTU OFXTXJSF ͱ8.5ͷIFMEPVUTFU NJY  !25 #5͸TBNQMJOHΛߦ͏  ຊ෺WTِ෺
 Bˠຊ෺ CJUFYU ͕#-&6VQِ෺ #5CJUFYU ͕#-&6VQ
 ˠຊ෺ʹରͯ͠·Ͱୡ੒  %PNBJOௐࠪ
 B Cͷ#5OFXT #5CJUFYUͷվળ౓߹͍ΛΈͯΈΔˠἧ͍ͬͯΔํ͕ྑ͍
 B͔Βे෼ྔͷಉҰEPNBJONPOPMJOHVBM͕͋Ε͹ ΋ͱ΋ͱNJYͰֶश CJUFYU ͨ͠৔߹ ΑΓ΋͍͍ײ͡ EPNBJOBEBQUBUJPOతͳ͜ͱ͸·͋Ͱ͖Δ 


  26. CJUFYUͷํΛ
 VQTBNQMJOHͯ͠ݟͨ w 4ZOUIFUJDEBUBͱEBUBTJ[FΛἧ͑ΔΑ͏ͳؾ࣋ͪ w ۩ମతʹ͸΋ͱ΋ͱCJUFYU.ͩͬͨ
 ΋ͷΛOഒ͢Δײ͡
 ྫO
 ˠCJUFYU. TZOUIFUJD.

    w 'JH͕OΛ   ʹͨ࣌͠ͷ݁Ռ
 4ZOUIFUJDEBUB͸.ݻఆ w (SFFEZ΍CFBN͸OΛ͋͛Δͱ
 ྑ͍͕ OPJTFܥ͸ͦ͏Ͱ΋ͳ͍ !26

  27. 405"ͱͬͨ࿩ w NPOPMJOHVBMEBUBͱͯ͠.TFOUTಥͬࠐΜͩ
 ˠͱΓ·ͨ͠ !27

  28. ·ͱΊ w #BDLUSBOTMBUJPOʹΑΔग़ྗΛOPJTZͳײ͡ʹ͢Δ͜ͱͰੑ ೳ্͕͕ͬͨ
 ˠ୯७ͳैདྷͷग़ྗͱൺ΂ͯ SJDIFSUSBJOJOHTJHOBMΛग़͠ ͯΔ͔ΒͰ͠ΐ͏ ͨͩ͠MPXSFTPVSDF͸আ͘  w

    405"ͱͬͨ w 🤔৭ʑࡶ͚ͩͲ΋ͱΓ͋͑ͣେྔσʔλ͕͋ΔͳΒ཭ࢄత OPJTF TSDଆͷΈ ͸ׂͱ༗ޮ 
 ࠷ॳ͸OCFTUग़ྗ OPSNBMJ[F TBNQMFTFOUFODFΈ͍ͨʹ ͢Δͱࢥͬͯͨ੎ !28

  29. ࢀߟจݙ w *NQSPWJOH/FVSBM.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO.PEFMTXJUI.POPMJOHVBM %BUB4FOOSJDIFUBM "$- w 1ISBTF#BTFE/FVSBM6OTVQFSWJTFE.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO -BNQMFFUBM &./-1 w

    "OBMZ[JOH6ODFSUBJOUZJO/FVSBM.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO0UUFUBM  *$.- w (&$Ͱࣅͨ࿩
 /PJTJOHBOE%FOPJTJOH/BUVSBM-BOHVBHF%JWFSTF #BDLUSBOTMBUJPOGPS(SBNNBS$PSSFDUJPO9JFFUBM /""$-  !29