Measurement bias (Causal inference: What if, Chapter 9)

Keywords: 因果推論, Measurement bias（測定バイアス）, Information bias（情報バイアス）,
Measurement error（測定エラー）, Intention-to-treat effect（ITT）, Per-protocol effect, Pragmatic trial

Transcript

1. .&"463&.&/5#*"4
   $BVTBM*OGFSFODF8IBU*G
   $IBQUFS
   ZVSJL!
   

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2. *OUSPEVDUJPOʛݟ্͛ͷ࣮ݧʢʣ
   
   ʮࢲ͕ۭΛݟ্͛Δͱɼଞͷาߦऀ΋ۭΛݟ্͛Δͷ͔ʁʯ
   ϥϯμϜԽࢼݧΛ࣮ࢪ
   ⾒上げる ⾒上げない
   ϥϯμϜԽࢼݧͳͷͰަབྷ͸ͳ͍ɼ͢΂ͯͷาߦऀΛه࿥ͨ͠ͷͰબ୒όΠΞε͸ͳ͍
   ղੳͷ݁Ռɼऑ͍ؔ࿈ੑ͋Γʂ͜Ε͸ҼՌؔ܎ʁ
   

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3. *OUSPEVDUJPOʛݟ্͛ͷ࣮ݧʢʣ
   
   Ұ͚ͭͩ໰୊͕͋ͬͨɽଌఆ͍ͯ͠Δਓͷϛε͕ଟ͔ͬͨʂ
   ݟ্͛ͨࣄྫͷ൒෼Λݟಀ͠ɼʮݟ্͍͛ͯͳ͍ʯͱه࿥ͨ͠
   ̍ɽ
   ̎ɽ
   ̏ɽ
   ̐ɽ
   ̑ɽ
   ̒ɽ
   ̓ɽ
   
   

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4. *OUSPEVDUJPOʛݟ্͛ͷ࣮ݧʢʣ
   
   ݚڀσʔλ͕ଌఆ͞ΕΔաఔͰɼؔ࿈͕ऑ·ͬͨΓڧ·ͬͨΓ͢Δ͜ͱΛ
   ଌఆόΠΞεʢ.FBTVSFNFOUCJBTʣ͕͋Δͱ͍͏
   ଌఆόΠΞε͸ͲΜͳݚڀσβΠϯͰ΋ى͜Γ͏ΔͨΊɼ
   ޮՌਪఆ஋ͷղऍͷࡍʹ͸ߟྀ͕ඞཁ
   ࢲͷݟ্͛ ଞͷਓͷݟ্͛
   USFBUNFOU PVUDPNF
   ݁Ռͷޡ෼ྨ͕͋ΔͱɼUSFBUNFOUͱ PVUDPNFͷؒʹڧ͍ؔ࿈͕͋ͬͯ΋ɼ
   ؔ࿈ΛऑΊͯ͠·͏
   ？
   

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5. .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPS
   5IFTUSVDUVSFPGNFBTVSFNFOUFSSPS
   • 5FDIOJDBM1PJOU*OEFQFOEFODFBOEOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMJUZ
   • 'JOF1PJOU5IFTUSFOHUIBOEEJSFDUJPOPGNFBTVSFNFOUCJBT
   .JTNFBTVSFE DPOGPVOEFST
   *OUFOUJPOUPUSFBUFGGFDUUIFFGGFDUPGBNJTDMBTTJGJFEUSFBUNFOU
   • 5FDIOJDBM1PJOU5IFFYDMVTJPOSFTUSJDUJPO
   1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDU
   • 'JOF1PJOU1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTFT
   • 'JOF1PJOU1TFVEPJOUFOUJPOUPUSFBUBOBMZTJT
   • 'JOF1PJOU&GGFDUJWFOFTTWFSTVTFGGJDBDZ
   .&"463&.&/5#*"4
   1ʙ
   
   

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6. ຊষͷཁ఺
   .&"463&.&/5#*"4
   1ʙ
   
   n ଌఆޡࠩ͸ͲΜͳݚڀσβΠϯͰ΋ൃੜ͢Δ
   n ଌఆόΠΞε͕͋Δͱɼ*EFOUJGJBCMFͷ৚݅͸ҼՌؔ܎ͷਪఆʹෆे෼
   n ଌఆޡࠩͷߏ଄ʹ͸ɼͭͷλΠϓ͕͋Δʢิਖ਼ํ๏͸ͦΕͧΕҟͳΔʣ
   n ަབྷҼࢠͷଌఆޡࠩʹΑͬͯ΋όΠΞε͕ൃੜ͢Δ
   n *55FGGFDU͸ɼׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨ USFBUNFOU;ͷޮՌΛݟ͍ͯΔ
   ʢUSFBUNFOU;ͱ USFBUNFOU"ͷޮՌ͸ҧ͏ʣ
   n 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUΛܭࢉ͢Δʹ͸ɼ3$5Λ؍࡯ݚڀͱͯ͠
   ղੳ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ
   n ݚڀͷ४උஈ֊ͰɼଌఆόΠΞε͕ൃੜ͢Δ͜ͱΛߟྀͨ͠ݚڀܭըΛ
   ཱͯΔ͜ͱ͕ॏཁ
   

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7. .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPS
   6
   

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8. ͜Ε·ͰͷষͰ͸ɼ͢΂ͯͷม਺͕׬શʹଌఆ͞Ε͍ͯΔͱ͍͏ඇݱ࣮తͳԾఆͩͬͨ
   ͔͠͠ɼ࣮ࡍʹ͸ USFBUNFOU"ͷଌఆ͸ෆ׬શͳ͜ͱ͕ଟ͍
   ྫ͑͹ʜ
   • Χϧς͔Βͷநग़ɾసهϛε
   • ҩࢣ͕ॲํༀΛॻ͖๨Ε͍ͯΔ
   • ױऀ͞Μ͕ॲํ͞ΕͨༀΛҿΈ๨ΕΔ
   ͦͷͨΊɼ
   ղੳʹ࢖͏σʔλ͸ɼਅͷ USFBUNFOU"Ͱ͸ͳ͘؍࡯͞Εͨ USFBUNFOU"Ͱ͋Δ
   ؍࡯ݚڀʹ͓͚Δ՝୊͸ɼ؍࡯͞Εͨσʔλ͔Β؍࡯͞Εͯͳ͍ߏ੒ཁૉͷਪ࿦Λߦ͏͜ͱ
   .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPSͷൃੜ
   " ελνϯͷ࢖༻
   : PVUDPNF
   "Χϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ελνϯͷ࢖༻
   6"
   "ͷ஋Λܾఆ͢Δ "Ҏ֎ͷ͢΂ͯͷཁҼ
   ˞؆୯ͷͨΊ $POGPVOEJOHͱ 4FMFDUJPOCJBT͸ͳ͍ઃఆ
   
   6"
   Λ "ͷ .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPSͱ͍͏
   ඞͣ͠΋ "ͱҰக͠ͳ͍
   

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9. :ʹ͓͍ͯ΋ಉ༷ʹɼ
   ਅͷ PVUDPNF:Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɼ؍࡯͞Εͨ PVUDPNF:͕ಘΒΕΔ
   6:
   Λ :ͷ .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPSͱ͍͏
   .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPSͷൃੜ
   ܭࢉ͍ͨ͠ͷ͸ "ˠ:ͷฏۉҼՌޮՌʢ"5&ɿBWFSBHFUSFBUNFOUFGGFDUʣ͕ͩɼ
   ؍ଌͰ͖Δͷ͸ "ͱ :Ͱ͋Γɼ"ˠ :ͱ "ˠ :͕౳͘͠ͳΔอূ͸ͳ͍
   .FBTVSFNFOUCJBTʢ*OGPSNBUJPOCJBTʣ͕͋Δͱ͍͏
   .FBTVSFNFOUCJBT͕͋Δ৔߹ɼ
   *EFOUJGJBCMFͳ৚݅͸ҼՌؔ܎Λܭࢉ͢Δͷʹෆे෼Ͱ͋Δ
   ɾ&YDIBOHFBCJMJUZɼ$POTJTUFODZɼ1PTJUJWJUZ
   
   

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10. 5IFTUSVDUVSFPG
    NFBTVSFNFOUFSSPS
    9
    

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11. .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPSͷߏ଄
    $POGPVOEJOH
    
    .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPSͷߏ଄͸ɼ
    ಠཱੑͱඇࠩҟੑͷੑ࣭ͷ૊Έ߹ΘͤʹΑΓ࣍ͷͭͷλΠϓʹ෼ྨͰ͖Δ
    • ಠཱඇࠩҟʢ*OEFQFOEFODFOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ
    • ಠཱࠩҟʢ*OEFQFOEFODFEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ
    • ґଘඇࠩҟʢ%FQFOEFODFOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ
    • ґଘࠩҟʢ%FQFOEFODFOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ
    ิਖ਼͢ΔͨΊʹ࢖༻Ͱ͖Δํ๏͸ɼͭͷλΠϓʹΑͬͯҟͳΔ
    ෮श 4FMFDUJPOCJBT
    "ͱ :ͷ DPNNPODBVTF "ͱ :ͷ DPNNPOFGGFDU
    

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12. .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPSͷಠཱੑ
    
    ಠཱੑʢ*OEFQFOEFODFʣ
    ಠཱͨ͠Τϥʔ
    6"
    ͱ 6:
    ͕ಠཱ
    %TFQBSBUJPOͷنଇʢ"ͱ :͕$PMMJEFSʣ
    ྫʣ"ͱ :ΛͲͪΒ΋Χϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠
    ৔߹ͷΧϧς΁ͷೖྗϛε
    ґଘͨ͠Τϥʔ
    6"
    ͱ 6:
    ͕ґଘ
    ྫʣ"ͱ :ͷͲͪΒ΋ױऀ͞Μ΁ͷ
    ి࿩ΠϯλϏϡʔͰऩूͨ͠৔߹ɼ
    ױऀ͞Μͷࢥ͍ग़͢ೳྗ 6":
    ͕
    "ͱ :ͷଌఆʹӨڹΛ༩͑ͨ
    "ɿༀͷ࢖༻
    :ɿ؊ಟੑ
    "ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠
    ༀͷ࢖༻
    :ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠
    ؊ಟੑ
    6"
    ɾ6:
    ɿΧϧς΁ͷ
    ೖྗϛε
    "ɿༀͷ࢖༻
    :ɿ؊ಟੑ
    "ɿΠϯλϏϡʔͰऩूͨ͠
    ༀͷ࢖༻
    :ɿΠϯλϏϡʔͰऩूͨ͠
    ؊ಟੑ
    6"
    ɾ6:
    ɿױऀ͞ΜͷهԱ
    6":ɿ
    ױऀ͞Μͷࢥ͍ग़͢ೳྗ
    ʁ
    

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13. .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPSͷඇࠩҟੑ
    
    ඇࠩҟੑʢOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMJUZʣ
    "ɿༀͷ࢖༻
    :ɿ؊ಟੑ
    "ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠
    ༀͷ࢖༻
    :ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠
    ؊ಟੑ
    6"
    ɾ6:
    ɿΧϧς΁ͷ
    ೖྗϛε
    ඇࠩҟੑͷΤϥʔ
    6"
    ͕ :͔Βಠཱɼ6:
    ͕ "͔Βಠཱ
    ࣏ྍʹؔ͢Δଌఆޡࠩ͸݁Ռʹରͯ͠ඇࠩҟੑɼ
    ݁Ռʹؔ͢Δଌఆޡࠩ͸࣏ྍʹରͯ͠ඇࠩҟੑ
    ͱ͍͏
    ࠩҟੑͷΤϥʔ
    "͕ :ͷଌఆʹӨڹΛ༩͑Δʢٯ΋ಉ͡ʣ
    ྫʣ"ͷༀΛ࢖͏ͱ؊ಟੑΛى͜͢ͱٙ͏ҩࢣ͕
    "ͷༀΛ౤༩͞Εͨױऀ͞ΜΛଞͷױऀ͞Μ
    ΑΓ΋஫ҙਂ͘؍࡯͢Δ
    ݁Ռʹؔ͢Δଌఆޡࠩ͸࣏ྍʹରͯࠩ͠ҟੑ
    Χϧςʹه࿥͞ΕΔ৘ใ͕
    ΑΓਖ਼֬ʹͳΔʁ
    

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14. 3FDBMM CJBTͱ 3FWFSTFDBVTBMCJBT
    
    3FDBMMCJBTʢ૝ىόΠΞεɾࢥ͍ग़͠όΠΞεʣ
    ྫʣ"ɿༀͷ࢖༻ɼ:ɿೝ஌঱
    " ͸ฉ͖औΓʹΑΓऩू
    ೝ஌঱͸ɼༀͷ࢖༻ "Λࢥ͍ग़͢͜ͱʹӨڹΛ༩͑Δ
    ྫʣ"ɿ೛৷தͷΞϧίʔϧઁऔྔɼ:ɿࣇͷઌఱੑܽଛ঱ͷ༗ແ
    ग़࢈ޙʹ೛৷தͷΞϧίʔϧઁऔྔΛ֬ೝͨ͠৔߹ɼ
    ग़࢈ͨ͠ࢠͲ΋͕ઌఱੑܽଛ঱Ͱ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔͕ɼ
    Ξϧίʔϧઁऔྔͷ૝ىʹӨڹΛ༩͑Δ
    ྫʣ"ɿༀͷ࢖༻ɼ:ɿ؊ಟੑɼ"ɿ݂தೱ౓
    ༀͷ࢖༻ "ͷ୅ΘΓʹ݂தೱ౓ "Λ༻͍ͨ৔߹ɼ
    ؊ಟੑ :͕ଘࡏͨ͠ޙʹ݂தೱ౓ "Λଌఆ͢Δͱɼ
    ؊ಟੑ͸ༀࡎͷ݂தೱ౓ʹӨڹΛ༩͑Δʢ:ˠ 6"
    ʣ
    3FWFSTFDBVTBMCJBT "ͷ୅ΘΓʹ݂தೱ౓ "Λࢦඪͱ
    ͨͨ͠Ίʹɼ:͔Β "ʹӨڹΛ
    ༩͍͑ͯΔΑ͏ʹݟ͑Δ͜ͱʁ
    " :
    

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15. 
    .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPSͷͭͷλΠϓ
    ಠཱඇࠩҟ
    ʢ*OEFQFOEFODFOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ
    ґଘඇࠩҟ
    ʢ%FQFOEFODFOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ
    ಠཱࠩҟ
    ʢ*OEFQFOEFODFEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ
    ґଘࠩҟ
    ʢ%FQFOEFODFOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ
    ม਺Λଌఆ͢Δͱ͍͏ߦҝ͸ɼ#JBTΛ΋ͨΒ͢͜ͱΛҙࣝ͢Δ͜ͱ
    %"(Ͱ͸ɼަབྷɼબ୒ɼଌఆ͔Βੜ͡ΔόΠΞεΛಉ࣌ʹද͢͜ͱ͕ඞཁ
    

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16. 5FDIOJDBM1PJOUʛಠཱੑͱඇࠩҟੑ
    
    USFBUNFOU"ͱ PVUDPNF:ͷଌఆޡࠩ 6"
    ͱ 6:
    ͸ɼ
    ಉ࣌෼෍ʢ KPJOU1%'ʣ͕पล෼෍ͷੵͱಉ࣌͡ɼಠཱͰ͋Δ
    USFBUNFOU"ͷଌఆޡࠩ 6"
    ͷ 1%'͕ PVUDPNF:͔Βಠཱ͍ͯ͠Δ৔߹ɼඇࠩҟͰ͋Δ
    PVUDPNF:ͷଌఆޡࠩ 6:
    ͷ 1%'͕ USFBUNFOU"͔Βಠཱ͍ͯ͠Δ৔߹ɼඇࠩҟͰ͋Δ
    ͕֬཰ີ౓ؔ਺ʢ1%'ɿQSPCBCJMJUZEFOTJUZGVODUJPOʣΛ͋ΒΘ͢
    

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17. 'JOF1PJOUʛଌఆόΠΞεͷڧ͞ͱํ޲ੑ
    7BOEFS8FFMF 5+ )FSOÂO ."
    3FTVMUTPOEJGGFSFOUJBMBOEEFQFOEFOUNFBTVSFNFOUFSSPS
    PGUIFFYQPTVSFBOEUIFPVUDPNFVTJOHTJHOFEEJSFDUFEBDZDMJDHSBQIT"NFSJDBOKPVSOBMPG
    FQJEFNJPMPHZ
    
    
    Ұൠతʹଌఆޡࠩ͸ɼଌఆόΠΞεΛ΋ͨΒ͢
    ʢྫ֎ɿಠཱඇࠩҟͰ "ˠ :͕ /VMMͷͱ͖ɼ"ˠ :΋ /VMMʣ
    ଌఆόΠΞε͸ɼ"ˠ :ͷؔ࿈Λ "ˠ:ͷؔ࿈ΑΓ΋
    /VMMʹۙ͘΋ԕ͘΋͢Δ͠ɼ޲͖͕൓స͢Δ͜ͱ΋͋Δ
    ූ߸෇͖%"(Λ༻͍ͯɼґଘࠩҟͷଌఆޡࠩͷ΋ͱͰͷҼՌؔ܎
    ͷଘࡏͱූ߸ʹ͍ͭͯ݁࿦Λಋ͖ɼͭͷλΠϓͷଌఆޡࠩʹద༻
    ͢Δ
    lඇࠩҟੑͷଌఆޡࠩʹ͓͍ͯɼ#JOBSZͷ USFBUNFOUͱ PVUDPNF
    ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ํ޲ੑΛอ࣋͢Δʢ୯ௐੑʣͱ͍͏݁ՌzΛɼ
    PVUDPNFͷଌఆޡࠩͱґଘ PSBOEࠩҟΛؚΉઃఆʹҰൠԽ͢Δ
    ඇࠩҟੑͷ USFBUNFOUͷଌఆޡࠩʹ͍ͭͯɼਪఆ஋͸ /VMMʹ͚ۙͮͩ͘Ͱ͋ΔͱݴΘΕ͍ͯΔ͕ɼ
    #JOBSZͷ࣌͸ͦ͏Ͱ΋ɼͭҎ্ͷॱҐΧςΰϦͷ৔߹͸ɼ/VMM͔Β཭ΕͨΓ/VMMΛ௒͑Δ͜ͱ΋͋Δ
    %PTFNFDJ . 8BDIPMEFS 4 -VCJO +)
    %PFTOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMNJTDMBTTJGJDBUJPOPGFYQPTVSFBMXBZTCJBTBUSVFFGGFDUUPXBSEUIFOVMMWBMVF "NFSJDBO
    KPVSOBMPGFQJEFNJPMPHZ
    
    

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18. .JTNFBTVSFE DPOGPVOEFST
    NFBTVSFNFOUFSSPS
    17
    

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19. ަབྷͷଌఆޡࠩʹΑΔ#JBTͷൃੜʢʣ
    
    $POGPVOEFSTͷଌఆޡ͕ࠩ͋Δͱɼ"ͱ :͕ਖ਼͘͠ଌఆ͞Ε͍ͯͯ΋ #JBT͕ੜ͡Δ
    "ɿༀͷ࢖༻
    :ɿ؊࣬ױ
    -ɿ؊Ԍͷطԟྺ
    -ɿ࣭໰ථͰऩूͨ͠؊Ԍͷطԟྺ
    ؊Ԍͷطԟྺ͕Χϧς͔ΒಘΒΕͣɼױऀ͞Μ΁ͷ࣭໰ථʹΑΓऩूͨ͠
    ࣭໰ථͰऩूͨ͠طԟྺ -͸ɼਖ਼֬Ͱ͸ͳ͍Մೳੑ͕ߴ͍
    ʢ஌ΒΕͨ͘ͳ͍ɼهԱೳྗɼهࡌϛεʣ
    ͔͠͠ɼղੳʹ༻͍Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δͷ͸ -
    -ͷ৚݅෇͚Ͱ͸όοΫυΞύεʢ"ˡ -ˠ :ʣΛϒϩοΫͰ͖ͳ͍
    -ɼ"ɼ: ʹج͍ͮͯඪ४Խ͞ΕͨϦεΫൺ͸ɼҼՌϦεΫൺΑΓ΋େ͖͘ͳΔ
    ˠ ଌఆόΠΞεʢ৘ใόΠΞεʣ͕ൃੜ͍ͯ͠Δ
    -ͷޡଌఆͷྫ
    

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20. ަབྷͷଌఆޡࠩʹΑΔ#JBTͷൃੜʢʣ
    
    -͕ "ͱ :ͷڞ௨ݪҼͰͳ͍ྫ
    "ɿༀͷ࢖༻
    :ɿ؊࣬ױ
    -ɿ؊Ԍͷطԟྺ
    -ɿ࣭໰ථͰऩूͨ͠؊Ԍͷطԟྺ
    6ɿະଌఆަབྷҼࢠ
    -ͷ৚݅෇͚Ͱ͸όοΫυΞύεΛϒϩοΫͰ͖ͳ͍ͨΊɼଌఆόΠΞε͕ൃੜ͢Δ
    • ަབྷҼࢠͷଌఆޡࠩʹΑΔόΠΞε͸ɼଌఆόΠΞεͰ͸ͳ͘
    ະଌఆަབྷҼࢠʢGJHVSFʣͷ໰୊ͱͯ͠ΈΔ͜ͱ΋Ͱ͖Δ
    • -͸ TVSSPHBUFDPOGPVOEFSʢGJHVSFʣͰ͋Δͱߟ͑Δ͜ͱ΋Ͱ͖Δ
    ˞༻ޠͷબ୒͸ॏཁͰ͸ͳ͍
    $PMMJEFS$ͷଌఆޡࠩʹΑΓɼ$͕৚݅෇͚ΒΕͨ৔߹ɼ
    બ୒όΠΞε͕ಋೖ͞ΕΔ
    

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21. ަབྷҼࢠͷଌఆޡࠩʹΑΓ
    ݟ্͔͚ͷޮՌʹมԽ͕ੜ͡Δ
    
    ʢ؊Ԍͷطԟྺ͋Γͱ
    ճ౴ͨ͠ױऀʣ
    ʢ؊Ԍͷطԟྺͳ͠ͱ
    ճ౴ͨ͠ױऀʣ
    શһ͕ -
    ຊ౰͸൒਺͕ -
    ʢ؊Ԍͷطԟ͋Γʣ
    "ˠ:͸ /VMM
    ʢTIBSQOVMMIZQPUIFTJTʣ
    ࣮ଌ஋ ਅ஋
    ʹ
    㱠
    ղऍ
    • ަབྷͷ੍ޚͰ͖ͨ
    • "ˠ:ͷؔ࿈ੑͳ͠
    • ަབྷͷ੍ޚ͕Ͱ͖ͯͳ͍
    • "ˠ:ͷؔ࿈ੑ͋Γ
    • -͸ޮՌम০ࢠ
    ަབྷҼࢠͷଌఆޡࠩ -Λ༻͍ͯ૚͝ͱʹղੳ͢Δͱɼ" ˠ :͸ /VMMͰ͋Δʹ΋
    ؔΘΒͣɼؔ࿈͕͋ΔΑ͏ʹݟ͑ͨΓɼ-ΛޮՌम০ࢠʢ&GGFDUNPEJGJFSʣͱ
    ղऍͯ͠͠·͏͓ͦΕ͕͋Δ
    -ʹ
    -ʹ
    "ɿༀͷ࢖༻ɼ:ɿ؊࣬ױ
    -ɿ؊Ԍͷطԟྺ
    -ɿ࣭໰ථͰऩूͨ͠؊Ԍͷطԟྺ
    

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22. *OUFOUJPOUPUSFBUFGGFDU
    UIFFGGFDUPGB
    NJTDMBTTJGJFEUSFBUNFOU
    21
    

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23. 3$5ʹ͓͚Δ5SFBUNFOUWBSJBCMF
    
    ྫʣ೥ࢮ๢཰ :ʹର͢Δ৺ଁҠ২ "ͷҼՌؔ܎ΛධՁ͢Δ3$5
    ͜Ε·Ͱ͸ USFBUNFOUΛ "Λ༻͍ͯදه
    ׬શʹׂ෇͕९क͞Εͨ
    ཧ૝తͳ 3$5Ͱ͸
    దͨ͠දه
    ͦͷͨΊɼUSFBUNFOUWBSJBCMFΛͭʹ෼͚Δඞཁ͕͋Δ
    3
    "ʹʢ࣏ྍ܈ʣʁ
    "ʹʢඇ࣏ྍ܈ʣʁ
    3
    ͜ͷ৔߹ɼUSFBUNFOUΛ
    "ͷΈͰදه͢Δͷ͸ෆద੾
    खज़ड͚ͨ͘ͳ͍
    ࣮ࡍͷ 3$5Ͱ͸ׂ෇͕९क͞Εͳ͍৔߹΋͋Δ
    ݚڀ֎Ͱखज़ड͚ͨ
    "ʹʢ࣏ྍ܈ɿ৺Ҡ২͢Δʣ
    "ʹʢඇ࣏ྍ܈ɿ৺Ҡ২͠ͳ͍ʣ
    

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24. USFBUNFOUWBSJBCMFΛͭʹ෼͚Δ
    
    3
    ;ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λ͏͚ΔΑ͏ʹ
    ׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨਓʣ
    ;ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͳ͍Α͏ʹ
    ׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨਓʣ
    "ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͳ͔ͬͨਓʣ
    "ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͨਓʣ
    खज़ड͚ͨ͘ͳ͍
    ݚڀ֎Ͱखज़ड͚ͨ
    ׂ෇͕९क͞Εͳ͍৔߹ɼׂ෇͚ͨ USFBUNFOU;͸ɼड͚ͨ USFBUNFOU"ͷޡ෼ྨ
    ׂ෇͚ͨ USFBUNFOU;ͱ ड͚ͨ USFBUNFOU"ʹ෼͚ͯදه͢Δ
    

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25. ;ͱ "ͷҧ͍
    
    ;͸ ͭͷܦ࿏Ͱ :ʹӨڹΛ༩͑Δ
    ;ˠ "ˠ : ৺Ҡ২ʹׂΓ౰ͯΒΕͨױऀ͞Μ͸ɼ
    ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ΔՄೳੑ͕ߴ͍ʢ;ˠ"ʣ
    ৺Ҡ২͸೥ੜଘ཰ʹҼՌؔ܎͕͋Δʢ"ˠ:ʣ
    ;ˠ : ৺Ҡ২ʹׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨױऀ͞Μͷߦಈม༰ɼ
    ҩࢣͷ഑ྀ
    ;ʢׂ෇͚ͨ USFBUNFOUʣ ͱ "ʢUSFBUNFOUͷଌఆ஋ͷζϨʣ͸ɼ
    ಉ͡ USFBUNFOU"ͷޡ෼ྨ͕ͩɼ;ͱ "ʹ͸ॏཁͳҧ͍͕͋Δ
    "͸ :ʹӨڹΛ༩͑ͳ͍
    "ͱ :ͷؒͷؔ࿈͸ɼڞ௨ݪҼ "Λ௨Δ
    ˞6ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ޙड़
    "
    ;
    

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26. ;ͷޮՌͱ"ͷޮՌ͸ҟͳΔ
    
    ͔͠͠ʜ
    • ৺Ҡ২ͷ৔߹ɼϓϥηϘΛઃఆ͢Δ
    ͜ͱ͸೉͍͠
    • ط஌ͷ෭࡞༻͕ى͜Δͱׂ෇ ;͕
    ෼͔ͬͯ͠·͏
    ׂ෇ ;ͷ৘ใΛ෬ͤΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍
    ׂ෇͚ͨ USFBUNFOU;ͷޮՌ͸ɼड͚࣏ͨྍͷޮՌʢ"ˠ:ʣ͚ͩͰͳ͘ɼ
    ׂ෇͚ΒΕͨ USFBUNFOUͷ९कঢ়گʢ;ˠ "ʣͱɼಉ࣌ਐߦ͢Δߦಈม༰ʢ;ˠ :ʣʹ
    ґଘ͢ΔͨΊɼड͚ͨ USFBUNFOU"ͷޮՌͱҟͳΔ
    ̯ˠ:ͷܦ࿏ͷΈഉআ
    ଟ͘ͷݚڀͰ͸ɼ ;ˠ :ͷޮՌ͚ͩͰ΋ഉআ͠ɼ;ͷӨڹΛ෦෼తʹͳͦ͘͏ͱ͢Δ
    ׂ෇ PVUDPNF
    ҩࢣͷߦಈม༰
    ؍࡯ऀόΠΞε
    ױऀͷߦಈม༰
    ϓϥηϘޮՌ
    USFBUNFOU
    ೋॏ໡ݕࢼݧʢEPVCMFCMJOEUSJBMʣ
    #MJOE
    ̯ " :
    

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27. ॏཁͳͷ͸ ;͕ԿΛଌఆ͍ͯ͠Δ͔Λ
    ཧղ͢Δ͜ͱ
    
    USFBUNFOU;ͷޮՌ͸ɼ"Ͱ࣏ྍ͢ΔޮՌͰ͸ͳ͘ɼ
    "Ͱ࣏ྍ͞ΕΔ͜ͱʹׂ෇͚ΒΕͨޮՌ ·ͨ͸ "Ͱ࣏ྍ͢ΔҙਤΛ࣋ͭ͜ͱͷޮՌ
    ͜Ε͕ *OUFOUJPOUPUSFBUFGGFDUͱݺ͹ΕΔॴҎ
    ׂ෇͚ͨ USFBUNFOU;ͷޮՌ *OUFOUJPOUPUSFBUFGGFDUʢ*55FGGFDUʣ
    *55FGGFDU ͸९कঢ়گ΍ଞͷཁҼʹӨڹΛड͚Δʹ΋ؔΘΒͣɼ
    ଟ͘ͷ 3$5Ͱ༻͍ΒΕ͍ͯΔ
    ͳͥɼड͚ͨ USFBUNFOU"ͷޮՌͰ͸ͳ͘ɼ
    ׂ෇͚ͨ USFBUNFOU;ͷޮՌʹڵຯ͕͋ΔͷͩΖ͏ʁʢ࣍ষͰઆ໌͠·͢ʣ
    

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28. 5FDIOJDBMQPJOUʛ&YDMVTJPOSFTUSJDUJPO
    
    আ֎੍ݶ͕੒ཱ͢ΔͳΒ͹ɼ;ˠ :ͷύε͸ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍
    ;͔Β :΁ͷޮՌ͸ɼ͢΂ͯड͚ͨ USFBUNFOU"Λഔհ͢Δ
    :[B ΛϥϯμϜԽׂ෇ [ͷ൓ࣄ࣮Ξ΢τΧϜͱ͠ɼ࣮ࡍͷ࣏ྍ͸ BΛड͚ͨͱ͢Δ
    ͷ࣌ɼআ֎੍ݶ͕੒Γཱͭ ͱ͍͏
    ̯ˠ:ͷܦ࿏ͷΈഉআ
    

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29. 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDU
    28
    

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30. 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUͱ͸ʁʢ̍ʣ
    
    1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUͱ͸ɼݚڀࢀՃऀ͕ݚڀܭըॻʢQSPUPDPMʣͰࢦఆͨ͠ͱ͓Γʹ
    ࣏ྍΛड͚ͨ৔߹ʹɼಘΒΕͨͰ͋Ζ͏ USFBUNFOUͷ $BVTBMFGGFDU
    ׬ᘳͳ९कʢ;ʹ"ʣͷ৔߹ɼ"ͱ "ʹ̌ ͷ &YDIBOHFBCJMJUZ͕੒Γཱͭ
    1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDU ʹ ;ͷ "5& ʹ "ͷ "5&
    3
    ;ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λ͏͚ΔΑ͏ʹ
    ׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨਓʣ
    ;ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͳ͍Α͏ʹ
    ׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨਓʣ
    "ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͳ͔ͬͨਓʣ
    "ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͨਓʣ
    ׬ᘳͳ९क
    ࢦఆͨ͠௨Γʹ
    ࣏ྍΛड͚ͨ
    

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31. 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUͱ͸ʁʢ̎ʣ
    
    ͔͠͠ɼ࣮ࡍͷ3$5͸׬ᘳͳ९कͰ͸ͳ͍
    3
    ;ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λ͏͚ΔΑ͏ʹ
    ׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨਓʣ
    ;ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͳ͍Α͏ʹ
    ׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨਓʣ
    "ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͳ͔ͬͨਓʣ
    "ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͨਓʣ
    ݚڀ֎Ͱखज़ड͚ͨ
    ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͳ͍Α͏ʹׂ෇͚ΒΕͨ܈ͷ͏ͪɼॏ঱౓ͷߴ͍ױऀ͞Μ͕ݚڀ֎Ͱ
    ৺Ҡ২Λड͚Δ܏޲͕͋Δͱ͢Δͱɼ"̍ͷ܈Ͱॏ঱ऀͷׂ߹͕ߴ͘ͳΔ
    ॏ঱౓ߴ͍
    ׬ᘳͳ९कͰͳ͍৔߹ʢ;㱠"ʣɼ "ͱ "ʹ̌ &YDIBOHFBCJMJUZ͕੒Γཱͨͳ͍
    ॏ঱౓ߴ͍
    

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32. ׬ᘳͳ९कͰͳ͍3$5Ͱ
    1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUΛܭࢉ͢ΔͨΊ͸ʁ
    
    6ɿॏ঱౓ʢ९कঢ়گΛ༧ଌ͢ΔҼࢠʣ
    "ˠ 6ˠ :ͷόοΫυΞύε͕։͘
    ʢަབྷͷൃੜʣ
    %"(Ͱද͢ͱʜ
    3$5Λ؍࡯ݚڀͱͯ͠ղੳ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δʂ
    Ҽࢠ 6͕ਖ਼͘͠ଌఆ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ɼ
    USFBUNFOU"ͷޮՌʢ1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUʣΛਖ਼͘͠ਪఆ͢Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍
    ަབྷҼࢠͷௐ੔͕ඞཁ
    3
    ;ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λ͏͚ΔΑ͏ʹ
    ׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨਓʣ
    ;ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͳ͍Α͏ʹ
    ׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨਓʣ
    "ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͳ͔ͬͨਓʣ
    "ʹ
    ʢ৺Ҡ২Λड͚ͨਓʣ
    ݚڀ֎Ͱखज़ड͚ͨ
    ॏ঱౓ߴ͍
    

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33. 
    ରরతʹɼ;͸ϥϯμϜʹׂΓ෇͚ΒΕ͍ͯΔͨΊɼ
    ׂ෇͚ΒΕͨ USFBUNFOU;ͷޮՌʢ*55FGGFDUʣʹ͸ɼ
    ަབྷ͸ൃੜ͠ͳ͍ɽׂ෇͚ΒΕͨ USFBUNFOUͷ९कঢ়گʹؔΘΒͣɼ
    ; ʹɼ;̌ͷ &YDIBOHFBCJMJUZ͸੒Γཱͭ
    *55FGGFDU͕ 3$5Ͱ༻͍ΒΕΔཧ༝
    1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDU͸ɼަབྷҼࢠ͕ଌఆ͞Εͳ͔ͬͨ৔߹ɼܭࢉͰ͖ͳ͍
    *55FGGFDU͸ɼަབྷҼࢠ͕ଌఆ͞Εͳͯ͘΋ܭࢉͰ͖Δ
    *55FGGFDU ͸ɼຊ౰ʹٻΊ͍ͨ USFBUNFOU"Ͱ࣏ྍͨ͠ޮՌʢ1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUʣΛ
    ΈΕ͍ͯͳ͍͔΋͠Εͳ͍͕ɼ1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUΑΓ΋ܭࢉ͠΍͍͢
    ݚڀऀ͸ɼܭࢉ͠΍͍͢ *55FGGFDUΛ༻͍Δ͜ͱΛਖ਼౰Խ͢ΔͨΊʹཧ༝Λߟ͑ͨ
    ͔͠͠ɼ͜ͷਖ਼౰Խʹ͸஫ҙ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ
    

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34. *55FGGFDU͕ਖ਼౰Խ͞ΕΔཧ༝
    
    *55FGGFDU͸ɼ/VMMΛอͭ
    • USFBUNFOU"͕ :ʹରͯ͠ /VMMFGGFDUΛ࣋ͭ৔߹ɼ
    USFBUNFOU;΋ :ʹରͯ͠ /VMMFGGFDUΛ࣋ͭ
    • ਖ਼ࣜʹ͸ɼ4IBSQOVMMIZQPUIFTJTͱ &YDMVTJPOSFTUSJDUJPOͷ΋ͱͰ
    ࣍ͷ͕ࣜ੒Γཱͭ
    *55FGGFDU͸ɼ1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUΑΓ΋ /VMMʹ͍ۙ஋ΛͱΔ
    • ௚ײతʹ͸ɼ׬ᘳͳ९कͰͳ͍৔߹ɼͦͷޮՌΛތு͢ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͘ݮগͤ͞Δ
    • *55SJTLSBUJP͸ɼͱ 1FSQSPUPDPMSJTLSBUJPͱͷؒͷ஋Λ࣋ͭ͜ͱʹͳΔ
    • *55FGGFDU͸ɼ อकతͳޮՌਪఆ஋ʢ1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUͷԼݶʣͱͯ͠ղऍͰ͖Δ
    *55SJTLSBUJP 1FSQSPUPDPMSJTLSBUJP
    ͔͠͠ɼ͜ͷߟ͑ํʹ͸ͭͷ໰୊఺͕͋Δ
    

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35. *55FGGFDUͷਖ਼౰Խ ͭͷ໰୊఺ʢ̍ʣ
    
    ޮՌͷ୯ௐੑΛલఏͱ͍ͯ͠Δʢ࣏ྍޮՌ͸͢΂ͯͷݸਓʹରͯ͠ಉ͡ํ޲ʹ͋Δʣ
    ྫʣ࣏ྍʹׂ෇͚ΒΕͨਓͷ͏ͪͷਓ͕९क͠ͳ͔ͬͨ৔߹ɼ९कͨ͠ਓͱ
    ९क͠ͳ͔ͬͨਓͰ͸ USFBUNFOUFGGFDUͷํ޲͕ٯͰ͋ͬͨɽ
    ʢޮՌ͕୯ௐͰͳ͍ʣ
    ͜ͷ࣌ɼ*55FGGFDUΑΓ΋ 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUͷํ͕ /VMMʹ͍͔ۙ΋͠Εͳ͍
    ʢ൓อकతʣ
    

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36. 
    ޮՌ͸୯ௐͰ͋Δͱͯ͠ɼ
    ϓϥηϘରরࢼݧͰ͸อकతͰ͋Δ͕ɼ࣮ༀ WT࣮ༀͷࢼݧͰ͸ͦ͏ͱ͸ݶΒͳ͍
    ྫʣߴՁͳༀࡎʢ;ʣWTΠϒϓϩϑΣϯʢ;ʣ
    ೥ޙͷॏ౓ͷ᙭௧ϦεΫͷݮগΛධՁɽ྆ༀࡎ͸౳͘͠༗ޮɽ
    ΠϒϓϩϑΣϯ܈͸ͨ·ͨ·঱ঢ়͕ܰ౓Ͱɼ
    ؇࿨͞Ε΍͔ͬͨͨ͢Ίɼ෰ༀͷ९क͕ѱ͍ɽ
    ΠϒϓϩϑΣϯʹର͢ΔߴՁͳༀࡎͷ *55FGGFDU͸ɼ
    ᙭௧ϦεΫΛݮগͤ͞ΔޮՌ͕௿͍ͱ͍͏ޡͬͨ݁ՌΛಋ͍ͨ
    ;
    ;
    "
    "
    OPUBEIFSFODFਓ
    ਓ
    ਓ
    ਓ
    ਓ
    :
    :
    ਓ
    ਓ
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDU
    
    *55FGGFDU
    /VMM͡Όͳ͍
    *55FGGFDUͷਖ਼౰Խ ͭͷ໰୊఺ʢʣ
    

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37. 
    *55FGGFDU͕อकతͰ͋ͬͨͱͯ͠ɼ
    USFBUNFOUͷ҆શੑΛධՁ͢ΔࢼݧͰ͸ɼ*55FGGFDU͸ةݥͳޮՌଌఆͰ͋Δ
    USFBUNFOU"͕ݚڀࢀՃऀͷ͔ͳΓͷׂ߹Ͱ BEWFSTFPVUDPNFΛى͍ͯͨ͜͠ͱͯ͠΋ɼ
    *55FGGFDU͸ /VMMʹ͍ۙͷͰɼl͜ͷ USFBUNFOU͸҆શz ͱ ؁Ίʹ݁࿦͚ͮΔ͜ͱ͕
    Ͱ͖Δ
    ྫʣ;ʹ̍ͷױऀ͕༗֐ࣄ৅Λى͜͢લʹ࣏ྍΛड͚͍ͯͳ͔ͬͨ͋Δ͍͸
    ड͚͍࣏ͯͨྍΛதࢭͨ͠
    *55FGGFDUͷਖ਼౰Խ ͭͷ໰୊఺ʢʣ
    

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38. ·ͱΊʛ3$5ͷղੳʹ͓͚Δ஫ҙ఺
    
    • *55FGGFDUΛใࠂ͢Δ͜ͱͷਖ਼౰Խ͸ɼ׬ᘳͳ९कͰͳ͍3$5΍҆શੑΛධՁ͢Δ
    ࢼݧͰ͸೉͍͠
    • 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUΛܭࢉ͢ΔͨΊʹ͸ɼަབྷͷௐ੔͕ඞཁ
    ʢଌఆ͞ΕͨڞมྔΛ৚݅෇͚Δ͜ͱʹΑΔަ׵ՄೳੑͷԾఆͷ΋ͱɼ͋Δ͍͸୅ସ
    ͷԾఆͷ΋ͱͰͷૢ࡞ม਺๏ʹΑΔ ৄࡉ͸$IBQUFSʣ
    • ࣌ؒมಈม਺ΛؚΊ͍ͯͳ͍ͷͰɼ͜͜Ͱͷ 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUͷٞ࿦͸ബ͍
    ਪఆํ๏ͷৄࡉ͸ɼ1BSU***ͰऔΓѻ͏
    • જࡏతͳະଌఆަབྷʹΑΔόΠΞεʢ1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUʣͱ USFBUNFOUͷޡ෼ྨ
    ʹΑΔόΠΞεʢ*55FGGFDUʣͱͷؒʹτϨʔυΦϑ͕͋Δ
    • *55FGGFDU Λใࠂ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ɼަབྷΑΓଌఆόΠΞεΛ༏ઌ͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ͕ɼ
    ͦΕͧΕͷద༻ੑʢଥ౰ੑʣΛ;·͑ਖ਼౰Խ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ
    

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39. 
    'JOF1PJOUc1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTFT
    3$5Ͱ 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUΛਪఆ͠Α͏ͱ͢Δ৔߹ɼҰൠతʹ͸ͭͷํ๏͕͋Δ
    • "TUSFBUFEBOBMZTJTʢ"ɼ"ʹ͓͚Δ :Λൺֱɽ;͸ແࢹʣ
    • 1FS1SPUPDPMBOBMZTJTʢ";ͷूஂͰͷ ;̍ɼ;ʹ͓͚Δ :ͷൺֱʣ
    ଌఆ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍Ҽࢠ6ʹΑͬͯ
    ަབྷ͕ੜͯ͡͠·͏
    ଌఆ͞ΕͨަབྷҼࢠ-Λ৚͚݅ͮ͢Δ͜ͱͰ
    όοΫυΞύεΛःஅͰ͖ɼ1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUΛ
    ਪఆͰ͖Δ
    "TUSFBUFEBOBMZTJT
    

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40. 
    'JOF1PJOUc1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTFT
    1FSQSPUPDPMͷूஂ΁ͷબ୒ͷई౓͕௥Ճ͞ΕΔ
    ";ɿ4
    "㱠 ;ɿ4
    1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTJT
    ";ͷࢀՃऀΛݚڀूஂͱͨ͠ *55ղੳ
    Ұൠతʹ͸ɼ1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUͷภͬͨਪఆ஋͕ಘΒΕΔ
    બ୒όΠΞε͸ɼ1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTJT͕
    ద੾ʹཁҼ -Λଌఆ͠ɼௐ੔͠ͳ͚Ε͹ൃੜ͢Δ
    "TUSFBUFEBOBMZTJTͱ 1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTJT͸ 3$5ʹ͓͚Δ؍࡯ݚڀతͳղੳͰ
    ͋Γɼଞͷ؍࡯ݚڀͷղੳͱಉ༷ʹ 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUͷ༗ޮͳਪఆ஋ΛಘΔͨΊ
    ʹ͸ɼަབྷҼࢠͱબ୒όΠΞεΛద੾ʹௐ੔͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ
    

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41. ؍ଌ஋͔Βͷܭࢉํ๏
    *OUFOUJPOUPUSFBUBOBMZTJT 1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTJT "TUSFBUFEBOBMZTJT
    ௐ੔ͷඞཁͳ͠
    બ୒όΠΞεͷ৚݅෇͚ɼ
    ަབྷͷௐ੔͕ඞཁ
    ަབྷͷௐ੔͕ඞཁ
    ݟ͍ͨFGGFDU
    *OUFOUJPOUPUSFBUFGGFDU 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDU
    
    3$5σʔλʹର͢Δ
    ղੳΞϓϩʔν
    "
    "
    "
    "
    ᶃ
    ᶄ
    ᶅ
    ᶆ
    ;
    ;
    'JOF1PJOUc
    ;ɼ; ;"ɼ;" "ɼ"
    ᶅᶆ
    ᶃᶄ
    ᶆ
    ᶃ
    ᶄᶆ
    ᶃᶅ
    

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42. 'JOF1PJOUʛݟ͔͚ͤͷ*55ղੳ
    
    $͸ɼPVUDPNF:ͷଌఆ·Ͱଧͪ੾Γ͕ͳ͔ͬͨ͜ͱΛࣔ͢
    $IBQUFSͰࣔͨ͠௨Γɼଧͪ੾Γ͸બ୒όΠΞεΛ༠ൃ͢ΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δ
    *55FGGFDU͸ɼGPMMPXVQ΍ଞͷܗࣜͷଧͪ੾Γʢ"&ͷͨΊͷதࢭʁʣ͕ͳ͍৔߹ͷΈ
    *55ղੳ͔Β௚઀ਪఆ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ
    GPMMPXVQ͕׬͍ྃͯ͠ͳ͍ਓ͸ɼPVUDPNF͕ෆ໌Ͱ͋ΔͨΊɼղੳ͸ GPMMPXVQ͕
    ׬͍ྃͯ͠Δਓʹݶఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ
    ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɼՄೳͳͷ͸ݟ͔͚ͤͷ *55ղੳͷΈ
    ݟ͔͚ͤͷ *55FGGFDUͷਪఆ஋͸ɼ*55FGGFDUͷͲͪΒͷํ޲ʹ΋ภΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δ
    GPMMPXVQ΍ଞͷܗࣜͷଧͪ੾Γ͕͋Δ৔߹ɼ3$5 ͷղੳ͸ɼ*55FGGFDUΛ༻͍Δ
    ৔߹Ͱ͋ͬͯ΋બ୒όΠΞεΛద੾ʹௐ੔͢Δ͜ͱ͕ඞཁͱͳΔ
    

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43. 'JOF1PJOUʛσʔλܽଌͷ༧๷ͱॲஔ
    
    σʔλͷܽଌ͸ɼਪ࿦Λେ͖͘ଛͳ͏ݪҼͱͳΓ͏Δͷʹ஫໨͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍͜ͱΛड͚ͯɼ
    '%" ͕ /3$ʹ࡞੒Λཁ੥ͨܽ͠ଌσʔλͷऔѻ͍ʹؔ͢Δใࠂॻͷཁ໿
    '%"ɿ'PPEBOE%SVH"ENJOJTUSBUJPOʢΞϝϦΧ৯඼ҩༀ඼ہʣ
    /3$ɿ/BUJPOBM3FTFBSDI$PVODJMʢશถݚڀධٞձʣ
    • ղੳஈ֊ͰܽଌσʔλΛ؆୯ʹमਖ਼͢Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍
    • ϩόετੑΛධՁ͢ΔͨΊͷײ౓෼ੳͱ૊Έ߹Θ͞ΕͨՊֶతʹଥ౰ͳղੳ͕ඞཁ
    • ͲͷΑ͏ͳΞϓϩʔνͰ΋ؤ݈ੑΛे෼ʹݕূ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ෆՄೳ
    • ඇݱ࣮తͳԾఆʹཔΔඞཁੑ͸ɼͦ΋ͦ΋ܽଌσʔλ͕ൃੜ͢Δ͜ͱΛ๷͙͜ͱͷ
    ॏཁੑΛࣔ͢
    • ॏཁͳͷ͸ɼݚڀܭըɾઃܭஈ֊ͰɼܽଌΛ੍ݶ͢ΔΑ͏ʹܭը͠ɼ࣮ࢪ͢Δ͜ͱ
    -JUUMF 3+ %"HPTUJOP 3 $PIFO .- %JDLFSTJO , &NFSTPO 44 'BSSBS +5 /FBUPO +%
    5IFQSFWFOUJPOBOEUSFBUNFOUPGNJTTJOHEBUBJO
    DMJOJDBMUSJBMT /FX&OHMBOE+PVSOBMPG.FEJDJOF
    
    

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44. 'JOF1PJOUʛ&GGFDUJWFOFTTͱ &GGJDBDZ
    
    &GGFDUJWFOFTTʹؔ͢Δٞ࿦
    &GGFDUJWFOFTT͕࣏ྍޮՌͷ࠷΋ݱ࣮తͳई౓Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ͕ٞ࿦͞Ε͍ͯΔ
    • ׂ෇ ;ͷޮՌ΋ؚΉ͜ͱͰɼਓʑׂ͕෇Λ९क͠ͳ͍ͱ͍͏ࣄ࣮͕૊Έࠐ·Ε͍ͯΔ
    • &GGJDBDZ͸࣮ࡍͷঢ়ଶͰͷ࣏ྍޮՌΛ൓өͨ͠΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͍
    *55FGGFDU͕ ใࠂ͞ΕΔ͜ͱͷਖ਼౰Խ͸ɼܭࢉ͕༰қͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͚ͩͰ͸ͳ͘ɼ
    &GGFDUJWFOFTT͕ͦ͜ຊ౰ʹڵຯͷ͋ΔޮՌई౓Ͱ͋Δͱ͍͏ཧ༝͔Β΋ओு͞ΕΔ
    ͔͠͠ɼ্هͷٞ࿦ʹ͸໰୊఺͕͋Δ
    &GGFDUJWFOFTT &GGJDBDZ
    ݚڀதͷհೖ͕࠷దʹ࣮ࢪ͞Εͳ͍ઃఆͰͷ
    USFBUNFOU;ΛׂΓ౰ͯΔ͜ͱͷޮՌ
    ཧ૝తͳ3$5ʹ͓͚ΔUSFBUNFOU"ͷޮՌ
    *55FGGFDU 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDU
    

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45. 'JOF1PJOUʛ&GGFDUJWFOFTTͱ &GGJDBDZ
    
    &GGFDUJWFOFTTʹؔ͢Δٞ࿦ͷ໰୊఺
    ɽ3$5Ͱͷ९कঢ়گ͕࣮ࡍͷੜ׆ʹ͓͚Δ९कঢ়گͱಉ͡ͱ͸ݶΒͳ͍
    ྫʣݚڀʹࢀՃ͢ΔͱϞχλʔ͞ΕΔ͜ͱʹΑΓ९कঢ়گ͕ྑ͘ͳΔ͔΋͠Εͳ͍
    ྫʣༀࡎʹޮՌ͕͋ΔͱΘ͔Ε͹ɼ९कঢ়گ͕ྑ͘ͳΔ͔΋͠Εͳ͍
    ɽ࣮ੜ׆Ͱ͸ɼױऀ͞Μ΋ҩࢣ΋࣏ྍΛड͚ͨ͜ͱΛ஌͍ͬͯΔͨΊɼೋॏ໡ݕࢼݧ͸
    ߇͑Δ΂͖ʢਅͷ &GGFDUJWFOFTT͸ױऀ͞Μ΍ҩࢣͷߦಈม༰ʢ;ˠ:ʣ΋ؚΉʣ
    ɽॲํΛ९क͢Δױऀ͞Μ͸ɼ*55FGGFDUΑΓ΋ 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUʹؔ৺͕͋Δ
    ௥Ճ৘ใͱͯ͠ʜ
    1SBHNBUJDUSJBMͷΨΠυϥΠϯͰ͸ɼ
    lױऀ͞Μ͕ڵຯ͕͋Δͷ͸ɼʮ೔ৗੜ׆Ͱ࣏ྍΛ९कͨ͠ͱ͖ͷ࣏ྍͷޮՌʯͰ͋Γɼ
    &GGFDUJWFOFTTͱ &GGJDBDZͷ༻ޠͷ࢖͍෼͚͸ॏཁͰ͸ͳ͍z
    ʢॏཁͳͷ͸ɼԿΛਪఆ͍͔ͨ͠Λ໌֬ʹ͢Δ͜ͱʣ
    8BMENBOO .3 )BHNBZFS :
    &TUJNBUJOHDBVTBMTUSFOHUI5IFSPMFPGTUSVDUVSBMLOPXMFEHFBOEQSPDFTTJOHFGGPSU$PHOJUJPO
    
    

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46. 'JOF1PJOUʛ#FZPOEUIF*55
    
    )FSOÂO ." )FSOÂOEF[%ÍB[ 4
    #FZPOEUIFJOUFOUJPOUPUSFBUJODPNQBSBUJWFFGGFDUJWFOFTTSFTFBSDI$MJOJDBMUSJBMT
    
    *55ղੳͷ໰୊఺ΛϨϏϡʔ͠ɼ"TUSFBUFEղੳɼ1FSQSPUPDPMղੳΛؚΊΔ͜ͱͰ
    όΠΞεΛݮΒ͢ํ๏ʹ͍ͭͯݕ౼͢Δ
    &GGFDUJWFOFTTൺֱݚڀʹয఺Λ౰͍ͯͯΔ
    ʢͱʹ͍ͭͯɼྫΛ༻͍ͯৄ͘͠આ໌͞Ε͍ͯΔʣ
    • ९क͕େ෯ʹଛͳΘΕΔ͍ͯͨΓ MPTTUPGPMMPXVQͷ͋Δ3$5Ͱ͸ɼ*55ղੳɼ
    "TUSFBUFEղੳɼ1FSQSPUPDPMղੳΛ૊Έ߹ΘͤͨղੳΞϓϩʔνΛਪ঑͢Δ
    • *55ղੳΛɼ"TUSFBUFEղੳɼ1FSQSPUPDPMղੳͰิ଍͢Δ͜ͱ͸ҙࢥܾఆͷࢀߟ
    ʹͳΔ͕ɼόΠΞε͕ద੾ʹௐ੔͞Ε͍ͯΔͱ͖ͷΈ༗ޮ
    • *55ղੳ͸ɼޮՌͷେ͖͞ͷධՁΛղੳऀͰ͸ͳ͘ྟচҩʹෛ୲ͤ͞Δ
    • ଧͪ੾Γɼ୤མɼPVUDPNFͷະଌఆ͕͋Δ৔߹΋໰୊ɽٙࣅ *55ʹஔ͖׵͑ΒΕΔ
    ͜ͱ͕ଟ͍
    • GPMMPXVQظ͕ؒ௕͍ݚڀ͸ಛʹ९क͕ѱ͘ͳΓɼલ޲͖؍࡯ݚڀʹࣅͯ͘Δ
    

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47. 1SBHNBUJDUSJBM
    
    )FSOÂO ." 3PCJOT +.
    1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTFTPGQSBHNBUJDUSJBMT/&OHM +.FE
    
    1SBHNBUJDUSJBMʹ͓͚Δ 1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTFTʹ͍ͭͯ
    ݶΓ͋ΔࢿݯΛ༗ޮʹ׆༻͠ɼ࣮ྟচͰͷ༗༻ͳҙࢥܾఆͷࢦඪͱ͢ΔͨΊʹɼ
    ඞཁͳղੳํ๏ͱखॱΛݕ౼ɼઆ໌ɼఏҊ͍ͯ͠Δ
    • *55FGGFDUͷਪఆ஋Λ QFSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUͰิ׬͢Δ͜ͱͰͰ͖ΔݶΓଟ͘ͷ༗༻
    ͳਪఆ஋Λநग़͍ͨ͠
    • ྟচతʹ༗༻ͳ QFSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUΛਪఆ͢ΔͨΊʹ͸ɼ*7ɿJOTUSVNFOUBM
    WBSJBCMFTʢҰ࣌఺հೖݚڀʣ΍ HNFUIPEʢ࣋ଓతͳ९कΛඞཁͱ͢Δ࣏ྍΛൺֱ͢
    ΔݚڀʣͳͲͷ౷ܭख๏͕ඞཁ
    • 1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTJTͷଥ౰ੑ͸ɼద੾ͳํ๏ͷબ୒͚ͩͰͳ͘ɼ໌֬ͳఆٛɼ
    ౷ܭղੳܭըͷࣄલઃఆɼUSFBUNFOUͷ९कͱ QSPHOPTUJDGBDUPSʹؔ͢Δ࣭ͷߴ͍
    σʔλͷऩूʹґଘ͢Δ
    • ݚڀܭըஈ֊ͰݚڀσβΠϯɼ࣮ࢪํ๏ɼղੳํ๏Λे෼ʹݕ౼͠ɼݚڀܭըॻʹ
    ໌ه͢Δ͜ͱ͕ॏཁ
    

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48. ຊষͷཁ఺
    .&"463&.&/5#*"4
    1ʙ
    
    n ଌఆޡࠩ͸ͲΜͳݚڀσβΠϯͰ΋ൃੜ͢Δ
    n ଌఆόΠΞε͕͋Δͱɼ*EFOUJGJBCMFͷ৚݅͸ҼՌؔ܎ͷਪఆʹෆे෼
    n ଌఆޡࠩͷߏ଄ʹ͸ɼͭͷλΠϓ͕͋Δʢิਖ਼ํ๏͸ͦΕͧΕҟͳΔʣ
    n ަབྷҼࢠͷଌఆޡࠩʹΑͬͯ΋όΠΞε͕ൃੜ͢Δ
    n *55FGGFDU͸ɼׂΓ෇͚ΒΕͨ USFBUNFOU;ͷޮՌΛݟ͍ͯΔ
    ʢUSFBUNFOU;ͱ USFBUNFOU"ͷޮՌ͸ҧ͏ʣ
    n 1FSQSPUPDPMFGGFDUΛܭࢉ͢Δʹ͸ɼ3$5Λ؍࡯ݚڀͱͯ͠
    ղੳ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ
    n ݚڀͷ४උஈ֊ͰɼଌఆόΠΞε͕ൃੜ͢Δ͜ͱΛߟྀͨ͠ݚڀܭըΛ
    ཱͯΔ͜ͱ͕ॏཁ
    

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49. ࢀߟจݙ
    
    7BOEFS8FFMF 5+ )FSOÂO ."
    3FTVMUTPOEJGGFSFOUJBMBOEEFQFOEFOU
    NFBTVSFNFOUFSSPSPGUIFFYQPTVSFBOEUIFPVUDPNFVTJOHTJHOFEEJSFDUFEBDZDMJDHSBQIT
    "NFSJDBOKPVSOBMPGFQJEFNJPMPHZ
    
    %PTFNFDJ . 8BDIPMEFS 4 -VCJO +)
    %PFTOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMNJTDMBTTJGJDBUJPOPG
    FYQPTVSFBMXBZTCJBTBUSVFFGGFDUUPXBSEUIFOVMMWBMVF "NFSJDBOKPVSOBMPGFQJEFNJPMPHZ
    
    
    -JUUMF 3+ %"HPTUJOP 3 $PIFO .- %JDLFSTJO , &NFSTPO 44 'BSSBS +5
    /FBUPO +%
    5IFQSFWFOUJPOBOEUSFBUNFOUPGNJTTJOHEBUBJODMJOJDBMUSJBMT/FX
    &OHMBOE+PVSOBMPG.FEJDJOF
    
    )FSOÂO ." )FSOÂOEF[%ÍB[ 4
    #FZPOEUIFJOUFOUJPOUPUSFBUJODPNQBSBUJWF
    FGGFDUJWFOFTTSFTFBSDI$MJOJDBMUSJBMT
    
    )FSOÂO ." 3PCJOT +.
    1FSQSPUPDPMBOBMZTFTPGQSBHNBUJDUSJBMT/&OHM +
    .FE
    
    8BMENBOO .3 )BHNBZFS :
    &TUJNBUJOHDBVTBMTUSFOHUI5IFSPMFPGTUSVDUVSBM
    LOPXMFEHFBOEQSPDFTTJOHFGGPSU$PHOJUJPO
    
    

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