Soils - Introduction

Transcript

1. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 1 Kaizad Patel Spring 2017 #soilnotdirt #soilnotdirt 2
2. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 2 3 A global resource
3. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 3 5 Chesuncook “at the place of the principal outlet” named after Chesuncook Lake 6 Chesuncook soil profile National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
4. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 4 April 16, 1999 Establishment of the Chesuncook Soil Series as the Maine State Soil by then Governor Angus King Jr. Maine State Statute, Chapter 9, Subchapter 1, Section 222 7 8 Dig It! The Secrets of Soil (web link)
5. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 5 9 Dig It! The Secrets of Soil (web link) 10 Soil Monoliths Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)
6. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 6 Dirt – David Montgomery (web link) 11 12 Soil: the essence of humans Prometheus – Greece Enki – Sumer (Mesopotamia) Khnum – Egypt
7. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 7 10,000 BCE 1,000 BCE 100 BCE 10 BCE 0 10 CE 100 CE 1,000 CE 10,000 CE 4000+ BCE China: soil maps used for taxation 3500 BCE Mesopotamia: extensive irrigation and canal systems 1000 BCE Greeks, Romans: Use of manure, legumes 45 CE Columella: Advocated manure, marl, drainage You are here 13 Soil and civilizations 8000+ BCE Ganges river civilization 1700 CE 1800 CE 1900 CE 2000 CE 1700s Van Helmont: Willow tree experiment 1731 Jethro Tull: British Agricultural Revolution 1840 Justus von Liebig: Law of the Minimum 1862 USDA established 1885 Maine Fertilizer Control and Agricultural Experiment Station 1867 Maine State College began agricultural experimentation 1914 Glinka 1860 Hilgard: Climate as a soil forming factor 1900 Dokuchaev 1935 Marbut: US soil classification system SCS created 1940 Hans Jenny 1999 Chesuncook adopted as Maine state soil 14
8. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 8 5 Years Soil loses 2 ounces Tree gains 164 pounds Only water is added. Soil: 200 lbs 15 Jan Baptist van Helmont Tree: 5 lbs Conclusion 164 pounds of tree biomass resulted from water alone N K Ca H2 O Mg S Lost yield potential Mn P Fe “The average crop of [a field] is always regulated by that element of food which is present in minimum quantity.” “Law of Minimum” in Natural Laws of Husbandry (1863) 16 Justus von Liebig
9. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 9 Soil forming factors: 1. Parent material 2. Climate 3. Organisms 4. Topography 5. Time 17 What is soil?
10. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 10 Soil is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter), liquid, and gases that occurs on the land surface, occupies space, and is characterized by one or both of the following: horizons, or layers, that are distinguishable from the initial material as a result of additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of energy and matter or the ability to support rooted plants in a natural environment. Soil Taxonomy (2nd Edition) 19 20 Images: University of Idaho
11. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 11 Edaphology Pedology the scientific study of soils and their weathering profiles the science that deals with the influence of soils on living things 21 Images: University of Idaho ἔδαφος, edaphos, "ground" πέδον, pedon, "soil" dissolved nutrients 22 macroinvertebrates water Illustration by Dr. Corianne Tatariw solid soil material microorganisms air roots
12. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 12 by Volume by Mass (dry solids) 23 Mineral 45% Water 20-30% Air 20-30% Discontinuous architecture Nearly 100% RH Typically higher CO2 concentrations 24 Soil atmosphere vs. open atmosphere Relative humidity The ratio of water vapor present in the system to the maximum amount (capacity) it can hold
13. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 13 Mineral soils Organic soils composed of mineral soil materials composed of organic soil materials 25 Images: Michigan State University, University of Idaho Contains carbon Origin in/ isolated from living organisms Products of decay of plants and animals Inorganic: comes from minerals 26
14. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 14 27 Methane Ethanol Geosmin Benzene Glucose Tryptophan Lignin THE SOIL PROFILE Horizons the distinct layers of the soil Solum the set of genetic horizons developed by soil building forces, not including the parent material beneath Profile vertical exposure of soil showing horizons 28 Image: University of Idaho
15. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 15 Solum upper, biogeochemically weathered materials Soil operationally defined zone (upper 1-2 m) C horizon Unweathered parent material Regolith unconsolidated debris above bedrock 29 O B C R B C R A parent material consolidated bedrock 30 Master Horizons E zone of illuviation zone of eluviation Disturbed soil Undisturbed (forest) soil
16. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 16 zone of illuviation parent material zone of eluviation 31 A B C O E B C Aridisol Spodosol Images: University of Idaho #soilnotdirt 32
17. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 17 Why do we care about soil? 34 Soil Ecosystem Services Image: Soil Science Society of America
18. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 18 35 • Building materials • Sand and gravel • Porcelain, pottery, china Provisioning Soil Ecosystem Services Image: Soil Science Society of America 36 Supporting • Physical stability and support for plants • Renewal, retention, and delivery of nutrients to plants • Habitat Soil Ecosystem Services Image: Soil Science Society of America
19. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 19 37 Regulating • Regulation of biogeochemical cycling • Buffer, filter and moderate the hydrologic cycle • Waste management Soil Ecosystem Services Image: Soil Science Society of America 38 Cultural • Recreation • Archeological preserver • Spiritual and religious grounds Soil Ecosystem Services Image: Soil Science Society of America
20. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 20 Natural processes Poor management 40
21. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 21 The Dust Bowl (1930s) Desert of Maine 41 Soil Loss (Erosion) Images: USDA Agricultural Research Service 42 Acid Deposition
22. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 22  Carbon  Drought  Erosion  Floods  Albedo  Glacial retreat  Other greenhouse gases  Permafrost 43 Climate Change Image: Maine’s Climate Future  Carbon  Drought  Erosion  Floods  Albedo  Glacial retreat  Other greenhouse gases  Permafrost 44 Climate Change Image: Maine’s Climate Future
23. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 23 45 The Keeling Curve Week beginning on January 15, 2017: 406.14 ppm Weekly value from 1 year ago: 402.62 ppm Weekly value from 10 years ago: 382.20 ppm Last updated: January 22, 2017 What causes the fluctuations in the CO2 concentration? 46 The Keeling Curve
24. EES 140: Spring 2017 Kaizad F. Patel Unit 1: Introduction 24 Soils: An Introduction