EN_NR_34_OBSERVADOR_DE_TRABALHOS_A_QUENTE.pdf

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2. So what is FIRE? Simultaneous development of heat and light, which is a product of the combustion of flammable materials. It is the chemical reaction between the fuel and oxygen in the air (combustion agent), when faced with a heat source. For there to be fire, there must be three essential elements of combustion, which constitute the so-called "Combustion Triangle". They are: FUEL, HEAT AND OXYGEN. FIRE CLASSES Fire is a chemical process that strictly obeys the Laws of Definite Proportions or Proust's Laws, that is, the disordered configuration of these three elements will not produce fire. If we eliminate one of the sides of this triangle, we will eliminate fire. From this, we can define the 3 ways to eliminate fire: Cooling: When heat is removed; a. Smothering: When the oxidizer is removed; b. Isolation: When the fuel is removed. c. CLASSES
3. CLASS A - Fire in solid materials, such as wood, paper, fabric, etc. These materials have some properties such as: they leave residue when burned, they burn on the surface and in depth. CLASS B - Fire in liquids, flammable materials, greases and combustible gases. These materials have some properties such as: they do not leave residue when burned and they only burn on surfaces. CLASS C - Fire in energized electrical equipment, such as electrical machines, power panels, etc. Extinguishing must be done using an extinguishing agent that does not conduct electricity. CLASS D - Fire fueled by pyrophoric metals, such as magnesium, selenium, antimony, lithium, potassium, fragmented aluminum, zinc, titanium, sodium, uranium and zirconium EXTINGUISHING METHODS Fire extinguishing methods are rational and safe processes used to control or extinguish an unwanted fire, in this case, a fire. In order to preserve life and material goods involved.
4. The methods take into account the basic theory of fire, from which we conclude that fire only exists when fuel, oxidizer and heat are present in ideal proportions, reacting in a chain. Based on this knowledge, we can conclude that by breaking the chain reaction and isolating one of the elements of the fire, we will stop the combustion. And from these assumptions we obtain the methods of extinguishing the fire: quenching by cooling; a. extinction by smothering; b. extinction by isolation; c. chemical extinction. d. EXTINCTION BY COOLING This method consists of reducing the temperature and, consequently, reducing the heat. The aim is to prevent the fuel from generating any more gases and vapors and, ultimately, to extinguish. The most common and most widely used cooling agent is water.
5. EXTINCTION BY SMOKING This method consists of preventing the oxidizing agent (usually oxygen) from remaining in contact with the fuel, at an ideal percentage for fueling combustion. For combustion fueled by oxygen, when the amount of this gas in the atmospheric air falls below a proportion of approximately 16%, combustion will cease to exist. A wide variety of materials can be used to combat fires by smothering, as long as they prevent oxygen from entering the fire and do not serve as fuel for a certain period of time. CHEMICAL EXTINCTION The chemical extinction process aims to combine a specific chemical agent with the flammable mixture (vapors released from the fuel and comburent), in order to make this mixture non-flammable. Therefore, this method does not act directly on an element of fire, but rather on the chain reaction as a whole.
6. EXTINCTION BY ISOLATION The isolation extinction method aims to remove fuel from the reaction. There are two techniques that include this method: By removing the material that is burning. 1. By removing material that is close to the fire and that could catch fire using one of the propagation methods. 2. TYPES OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT The most common fire-fighting equipment is hydrants, automatic sprinklers, hydraulic pumps, fire extinguishers, alarms, hoses, emergency lighting, fire doors, signage and other less popular equipment, such as fire shelters.
7. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Certainly the most popular fire-fighting equipment is fire extinguishers. They are nothing more than cylinders that, under pressure, store water, carbon dioxide, dry chemicals and special chemicals, depending on the location in which they are to be used. They are easy to use, all it takes is simple training and anyone can handle them to fight and eliminate fires, mitigate property damage and save lives. FIRE HOSES Hoses are fire-fighting equipment used mainly by building brigades and also by firefighters. Just like fire extinguishers, they are sold in different sizes for different types of situations. But, in general, hoses have a polyester coating while their interior is covered with a vulcanized synthetic rubber compound. Type I hoses are recommended for use in residential buildings. Type II hoses are used by the Fire Department and in commercial and industrial buildings. Type III hoses are also used by firefighters, naval and industrial areas.
8. HYDRAULIC PUMPS Hydraulic pumps are equipment that can be coupled to combustion or electric engines that drive water through the piping system and are used to fight fires using hydrants and electric showers. FIRE DETECTORS AND ALARMS Fire detectors and alarms are devices used to warn when there is a fire in a location. Detectors are activated when the presence of smoke or an increase in temperature is detected in an environment. As for the alarm, it must have a sound that can be easily heard, even beyond the location of the fire.
9. ALARM AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Signage is important because in a fire it is extremely useful for indicating the location of other safety equipment, as well as the route to the emergency exit so that everyone can move around calmly and safely. ESCAPE ROUTES The escape route is the path to be followed in the event of an urgent need to evacuate a location due to fire, collapse or other emergency cases. To ensure that all workers or visitors to a given location feel safe in an emergency, it is important to know the escape route. Knowing the path to take in critical moments makes it easier for everyone to escape and be rescued. Emergency exit, exit route or exit, according to ABNT NBR 9077, is the continuous path, duly protected, provided by doors, corridors, halls, external passages, balconies, vestibules, stairs, ramps or other exit devices or combinations thereof, to be taken by the user, in the event of a fire, from any point in the building until reaching the public road or open space, protected from fire, in communication with the street.
10. The escape route system, which guarantees the safety and agility of evacuation from the building in the event of fire, collapses or other unforeseen circumstances, includes routing to a safe area, emergency lighting, fire doors and indicative signage, where the lack of evacuation route indicators may lead to panic situations in emergencies, where the tranquility factor is paramount in preventing serious accidents. Escape route planning must follow the guidelines of Ministerial Ordinance (MTb) NR-23; ABNT NBR 9077, ABNT NBR 13434, State Fire Prevention Code and others that may facilitate the exit of individuals from affected areas.
11. FIRE DOORS: Closing or obstructing exits from doors or emergency routes by materials from any type of work (maintenance or renovation), even if said to be temporary; Under no circumstances should emergency doors be closed from the outside, even outside working hours. The only fire doors that must be kept locked are those that house the condominium's pumps and generators, preventing children and people other than employees from accessing the premises. No entrance, exit, or emergency door to an establishment or place of business work, must be locked, bolted or secured; All doors, both exit doors and internal communication doors, must open in the direction of the exit; they must be located in such a way that, when they open, they do not block the passageways; Exit doors must be arranged in such a way as to be visible, and any obstacle, even occasional, that obstructs access or view is strictly prohibited. Use of a wedge to keep the door open, which in fact renders the door's function of stopping fire in the building useless.
12. STEPS: All stairs, platforms and landings must be made of non-combustible and fire-resistant materials. Fire escapes are often used by residents to store large trash cans, bicycles, and baby strollers. This is wrong and is not recommended by the fire department, as in a moment of panic, these objects will get in the way. Stairs must have a continuous handrail, with a height in accordance with legislation and not have a sharp end, that is, at the end of the handrail it must have a curve and enter the wall. EMERGENCY LIGHTING: Escape routes must have sufficient natural and/or artificial lighting, in accordance with ABNT NBR 5413. Emergency lighting is standardized according to ABNT NBR 10898, and it is not uncommon to find luminaires that do not meet this standard being sold. They can generate smoke, glare and pose risks in an emergency. In other words, check whether your system is compliant and adjust if necessary. Photoluminescent signage, which are stickers that glow in the dark, indicating the correct escape route, floor numbers, exit and access to the ground floor. Flame retardant flooring used on stairs
13. EPI & EPC Accidents involving fire can cause the worst possible damage to people or property. The losses can be irreversible and even cause serious injuries or death. Not to mention the interruption of activities and other consequences. It is necessary to adopt plans to prevent and combat fires in a safe and structured manner. PPE and EPCs must be part of this plan, as they are essential for it to function correctly and with equipment suitable for this scenario. In the case of industries, the measures are even more complex and the penalties are more severe for those who do not comply with the obligation to have this equipment in collective fire prevention plans. If this is the case, consult NR 23 which deals with the case.
14. SOME PPE USED IN HOT WORK: THROW: The boot is manufactured with the aim of ensuring professional safety. Therefore, it uses a protection and vulcanization system in an autoclave with an acrylic lining to provide a flame- retardant effect. In addition, it must have a steel toe, rubber sole and shin protection. BALACLAVA HOOD: It is a balaclava hood with high temperature resistance, capable of withstanding climates of up to 300ºC. HELMET: It must be made of material suitable for withstanding and protecting employees in high- temperature situations. To achieve this, it must contain signs so that it can be adjusted to any head size. In addition, it must have an internal area with a flame-resistant fabric.
15. UNIFORM/OVERALLS AND FLAME-PROOF GLOVES: This protective equipment must contain three protective layers: an external layer, a protective barrier layer and a thermal layer. Their main function is to ensure the safety of workers at temperatures up to 1000ºC. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Its main function is to protect the professional's respiratory tract. Due to the high exposure to polluting gases, the use of a respirator to perform the service is of utmost importance.
16. SOME EPCs USED IN HOT WORK: SIGNALING CONE: Flexible Signaling Cone in Accordance with NBR 15071O. GAS DETECTOR: They identify and evaluate potential gases in a work environment. Using highly sensitive and efficient sensors, they measure the atmosphere in the location to determine whether it is safe for professionals to be present. FIRE EXTINGUISHER – CLASSES: Capable of extinguishing or controlling fires. FIRE CABINET: Suitable for the safe storage of fuels and flammable substances in general, so that a fire source does not come into contact with them or to prevent fires from getting worse.
17. ZEBRA STRIPING: Zebra marking tape is an essential tool for demarcating, isolating and indicating areas considered to be at risk, such as slippery areas or areas undergoing structural renovations. SIGNALING PLATES: Signs are used to alert employees on how to avoid risks in the workplace, provide guidance on how to safely operate equipment and machines, etc. VENTILATION AND EXHAUST SYSTEM: The exhaust and ventilation system is extremely important for an industry, being a mandatory item for its operation. ... The main function of this system is to prevent the spread of diseases and maintain the quality of life and well- being of all employees within the work environment.
18. FIRE PREVENTION AND FIGHTING PRACTICES Preventing fires is as important as knowing how to put them out or even knowing how to act correctly when they occur. Fires and other minor incidents can be prevented from becoming tragedies if they are prevented and controlled safely and calmly by properly trained personnel. In most cases, the panic of those trying to save themselves results in more victims than the accident itself. The first step is to ask the competent sector to prepare the Fire Prevention and Fighting Plan (PPCIP), which will detail the procedures that must be distributed to everyone, containing information on all necessary precautions, such as: preventive care; awareness about planning how to act when leaving the workplace; indication of practical measures for fighting and abandoning fires. BASIC RULES 01 Always keep the Fire Department emergency telephone number – 193 – in sight; Always keep fire boxes in perfect working order and only use them in the event of a fire; Fire extinguishers must always be installed in easily accessible locations, properly charged and must be checked periodically using the monthly inspection checklist; Periodically review the entire electrical installation in the building, also looking for possible gas leaks; Avoid leakage of flammable liquids; Avoid lack of ventilation;
19. BASIC RULES 02 Do not place locks on doors to halls, elevators, fire doors or other exits to open areas. Do not obstruct them with materials or equipment; Do not leave rags or flannels soaked in oils or grease in inappropriate places; Warn about smoking in prohibited areas (such as elevators) and about being careful not to throw matches and lit cigarette butts anywhere; Advise workers to check before leaving their workplaces, at the end of the working day, that they have turned off all electrical appliances, such as stoves, air conditioning, extractor fans, among others; In the event of a fire, inform the Fire Department as quickly as possible: the incident, the easiest access to the location and the number of people injured, including those nearby; Never use elevators during a fire; Avoid crowds to prevent hindering emergency response and keep the area near fire hydrants free for maneuvering and parking vehicles.
20. SAFETY REGULATIONS Among the safety standards established by law for building installations are the conservation and maintenance of electrical installations. There are several types of protection systems for electrical installations, such as plug-in fuses, circuit breakers, among others. All of them must be in perfect working order, as any fire can be caused by short-circuit discharges. Any building has an electrical circuit design, which determines the types and numbers of current points (sockets) or light, according to its consumption characteristics. When there is an overload, this circuit, which is not designed for a short-circuit current, rises significantly in temperature, starting the process of wire melting, or worse, starting a fire. For this reason, be careful when using power strips. All workers must always be aware of basic fire safety standards to avoid accidents. Prevention is the watchword and everyone must collaborate, as it is more important to prevent fires than to put them out. GENERAL ALARM At the first sign of fire, transmit the general alarm and immediately call the Fire Department. FIRE FIGHTING Turn off the main electrical switch in case of a short circuit. Try to prevent the spread of fire by fighting the flames at an early stage. Use the fire-fighting equipment available in the common areas of the building.
21. EVACUATION OF THE BUILDING If the fire cannot be extinguished, leave the building quickly using the stairs. When leaving, close all doors behind you without locking them. Do not use the elevator as a means of escape. If it is not possible to leave the building using the stairs, remain on the floor you are on and wait for the Fire Department to arrive. Only go up to the terrace if the building offers evacuation conditions from above, or if the situation requires it. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS: Immediately turn off the equipment you are handling and close the gas outlets; Always try to stay calm and do not smoke. Do not take off your clothes. Sound the alarm; Keep clothes wet if possible; Throw away any and all flammable material you carry with you; In critical situations, lock yourself in the bathroom, keeping the door damp on the inside and sealed with a wet towel or paper; In heavy smoke conditions cover your face with a wet handkerchief; Do not stand on the windowsill until the Fire Department has provided rescue facilities. Indicate your position in the building by waving to the Fire Department with a handkerchief;
22. Wait for further instructions from the Fire Department; In case of fire, if you find yourself in a place full of smoke, try to get out, walking as far as possible. as close to the floor as possible to avoid suffocation; As a general rule, a person whose clothes have caught fire will try to run. Don't do this: the victim should try not to breathe in the heat of the flames. To avoid this, fold your arms over your face, squeezing them together; throw yourself to the ground and roll over, or wrap yourself in a blanket or other cloth; If you see someone running with their clothes on fire, don't let them do it. Make them throw themselves to the ground and roll slowly; Use force if necessary to do this; If possible, use a fire extinguisher or hose on the injured person; If there is nothing nearby, throw sand or dirt at the victim while he or she is rolling. If possible, wrap the victim in a blanket or thick cloth; Wrap the chest first to protect the face and head. Never wrap the victim's head, as this will force them to breathe in gases; If you notice a fire, do not panic. If you are in a place with many people around, do not scream or run. Follow the prevention rules and avoid accidents; Try to leave through the main or emergency doors, quickly, without shouting, in order, without rushing. Never lock the main or emergency doors with keys; Do not store cloths soaked in gasoline, oils, wax or other flammable materials; After using the extinguisher, notify the responsible sector for recharging. INSTRUCTIONS
23. ITEM STANDARD – NO. 34.5 Hot Work For the purposes of this Standard, hot work is considered to be welding, gouging, grinding, cutting or other activities that may generate sources of ignition such as heat, sparks or flames. The protective measures include general and specific measures, applicable, respectively, to all activities inherent to hot work and work in areas not previously designated for this purpose. General Order Measures Preliminary Inspection In places where hot work is carried out, a preliminary inspection must be carried out to ensure that: the workplace and adjacent areas are clean, dry and free from combustible, flammable, toxic and contaminating agents; a. the area should only be released after verifying the absence of activities incompatible with hot work; a. hot work must be carried out by a qualified worker, as per item 4 of the annex. (Amendment given by TEM Ordinance 1,897/2013). a. d) hot work is carried out by a qualified worker.
24. Fire Protection Employers are responsible for taking the following fire protection measures in places where hot work is carried out: 1. arrange for the elimination or keep under control possible fire risks; a. install adequate physical protection against fire, splashes, heat, sparks or sludge, in order to avoid contact with combustible or flammable materials, as well as interfering with parallel activities or the movement of people; a. keep a fire-fighting system clear and close to the work area, specified according to the type and quantity of flammable and/or combustible materials present; a. inspect the site and adjacent areas after work is completed to prevent fires. a. Smoke and contaminant control To control fumes and contaminants resulting from hot work, the following measures must be implemented: properly clean the surface and remove any cleaning products used before carrying out any operation; a. provide air renewal in order to eliminate gases, vapors and fumes used and/or generated during hot work. a. Whenever there is a change in the established environmental conditions, activities must be interrupted, evaluating the environmental conditions and adopting the necessary measures to adapt air renewal.
25. When the composition of the part's coating or the gases released in the welding/heating process is not known, self-contained respiratory protection equipment or respiratory protection supplied by a compressed air line must be used, in accordance with the provisions of the Respiratory Protection Program - PPR. Use of gases In hot work using gases, the following measures must be adopted: use only gases suitable for the application, in accordance with the manufacturer's information; a. follow the instructions indicated in the Chemical Product Safety Information Sheet - MSDS; a. use calibrated pressure regulators in accordance with the gas used. a. The installation of adapters between the cylinder and the pressure regulator is prohibited. In the case of oxyacetylene equipment, a flame arrestor device must be used on the hose and torch feeds. Regarding the gas circuit, the following must be observed: inspection before starting work, to ensure that there are no leaks and that the equipment is in perfect working order; a. maintenance with the frequency established in the company's procedure, in accordance with the manufacturer/supplier's technical specifications. a. Hoses may only be joined using a connector, in accordance with the supplier/manufacturer's technical specifications.
26. Gas cylinders must be: Kept in a vertical position, fixed and away from flames, sources of sparks, heat or flammable products; a. Installed in such a way that they do not become part of an electrical circuit, even accidentally; a. Transported in a vertical position, with a screwed-on helmet, using appropriate equipment, properly secured, to avoid collisions; a. When inoperative and/or empty, keep the valves closed and store with the valve protector (threaded cap). a.
27. The installation of gas cylinders in confined spaces is prohibited. Whenever service is interrupted, the valves on cylinders, torches and gas distributors must be closed. At the end of the service, the supply hoses must be disconnected. Inoperative equipment and gas hoses must be kept out of confined spaces. Electrical equipment Electrical equipment and its accessories must be grounded to a safe grounding point and installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Electrical cables with a gauge suitable for the intended applications and with insulation in perfect condition must be used.
28. The output terminals must be kept in good condition, without broken parts or cracked insulation, especially the one connected to the part to be welded. It must be ensured that electrical connections are tight, clean and dry. Specific Measures APR techniques should be employed to: determine control measures; a. define the coverage radius; b. signal and isolate the area; c. assess the need for special fire surveillance (observer) and an alarm system; d. e) other measures, whenever necessary.
29. Before hot work begins, the site must be inspected and the inspection result recorded in the Work Permit. Openings and gutters must be closed or protected to prevent sparks from being thrown, combustion or interference with other activities. When defined in the APR, the observer must remain on site, in permanent contact with the work fronts, until the service is completed. The observer must receive training provided by a worker qualified in fire prevention and fighting, with program content and minimum workload in accordance with item 1 of Annex I of the Standard.