𝑟%,' = 𝑠(%)*),(',-.+,*) 𝑂𝐻% = 𝑂𝐻% + 𝑟%,' 𝑂𝑂% = 𝑂𝑂% − 𝑟%,' 2. Receive demand from the downstream stage (or the market) and ship out corresponding items from the inventory 𝑦%,' = 𝑞(%,*),(',-.,) 𝑠%,' = min(𝑦%,' + 𝐵𝑂% , 𝑂𝐻% ) 𝑂𝐻% = 𝑂𝐻% − 𝑠%,' 𝐵𝑂% = 𝑦%,' + 𝐵𝑂% − 𝑠%,' DTS Model: Operation Flow of Each Stage 𝑖 in Every Period 𝑡 For the final stage, this is the market demand 𝑑', which we model as follows: 𝑑' = 𝐵𝐴𝑆𝐸 + 𝐶𝑉 > 𝑑',* + 𝜀' 𝜀' ~𝑁(0, 𝑆𝐷/)