Dr. Ewan Pritchard - Alternative and Sustainable Energy Overview

July 16, 2014 at Science Boot Camp Southeast for Librarians, Raleigh NC; see additional video at http://vimeo.com/13318513

Transcript

1. SCIENCE BOOT CAMP SOUTHEAST ALTERNATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY OVERVIEW Ewan Pritchard, PhD, PE July 16th, 2014
2. Energy • From 1980 to 2010 was widely considered the age of computers and the internet. • Since about 2000, we have been quickly moving into an age of Energy
3. 2011 US Energy Consumption (Quadrillion BTU) 1 Includes lease condensate. 2 Natural gas plant liquids. 3 Conventional hydroelectric power, biomass, geothermal, solar/photovoltaic, and wind. 4 Crude oil and petroleum products. Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. 5 Natural gas, coal, coal coke, biofuels, and electricity. 6 Adjustments, losses, and unaccounted for. 7 Natural gas only; excludes supplemental gaseous fuels. 8 Petroleum products, including natural gas plant liquids, and crude oil burned as fuel. 9 Includes 0.01 quadrillion Btu of coal coke net imports. 10 Includes 0.13 quadrillion Btu of electricity net imports. 11 Total energy consumption, which is the sum of primary energy consumption, electricity retail sales, and electrical system energy losses. Losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total electricity retail sales. Source: US-EIA http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf
4. Energy versus power • In this industry, the two terms are VERY important distinctions! • Power is instantaneous and measured in Watts or Horsepower. Think of sprinting, or acceleration, or top speed in a car. • Energy is the use of power over time and is measured in kWh, BTU, Joules, Ergs, Calories and many others. Think of a marathon runner in this case. • You buy Energy…mostly
5. We need a major paradigm shift in the industry Electric Distribution Innovation – 1930-2010
6. Shipping 250M pcs/yr. Ubiquitous ownership Ubiquitous use Ubiquitous sharing Pre-1980s Internet Paradigm Shift Distributed Computing Centralized Mainframes Innovation & Industry Transformation A Paradigm Shift like the Internet
7. Ubiquitous sales Ubiquitous ownership Ubiquitous use Ubiquitous sharing Today Centralized Generation New energy companies based on IT and power electronics technologies Paradigm Shift Innovation & Industry Transformation Distributed Renewable Energy Resources (DRER) FREEDM Member Companies Paradigm Shift for the Power Industry
8. Smart Grid 1.0 (now-5 years) • Bidirectional Communication • Demand Side Management via device modulation • Automated Meter Reading • Enhanced interfaces for billing and load control such as web portals and thermostat readouts • Enhanced reclosure “Self healing grid”
9. Smart Grid 2.0 (3-7 years) • Increased saturation of renewables • Added energy storage through: • Large scale storage • Neighborhood storage • PHEV/PEV • Higher reliability and security communication •Distributed Control • Adaptive Control “Clouds”
10. Smart Grid 3.0 (7-15 years) - Solid State Transformers • Intelligent Energy Management •DC intermediary bus • Solar (without inverters) • PHEV/PEV fast charging • Small Wind • DC Distribution • High Frequency Distribution • Energy “Routing” • No more • Harmonics • Frequency Regulation • Voltage Regulation • Power Factor • Etc., etc. •Higher “system efficiency”
11. Energy Efficiency • Insulation – HVAC accounts for about 48% of residential energy use • Motors – 50% of industrial electricity use • Lighting – 12% of US electricity consumption • Vehicles – 28% of total energy consumption • Electricity consumption was 14 Quads in 2011 Source: US Energy Information Agency 2011 Data - http://www.eia.gov/
12. Electric Transportation Source: D.L. Anderson © 2010 | INDY Multimedia
13. Emissions • NOx – nitrogen oxides • Works with sunlight to form ozone (lung damage) • Forms nitric acid in the air (acid rain) • Enters the upper atmosphere and causes a greenhouse effect. • CO2 – carbon dioxide • Enters the upper atmosphere and causes a greenhouse effect. (Climate Change – AKA global Warming)
14. Emissions • Particulate Matter • PM10 – 10 microns in size and smaller. Particulates enter the upper respiratory system and cause congestion, smaller particles cause lung damage. • PM2.5 – 2.5 microns in size, passes through the alveoli in the lungs and enters the bloodstream to cause pulmonary distress Source: www.hussgroup.com/cdc/
15. Vehicle Charging • Commercial Applications • Level 1: 110V, 1.5kW • Level 2: 240V,3.3 kW • DC Fast Charge: 500V, 20- 125kW • Static Inductive Charging • Research • Innovative algorithms to push more power with less damage • Adjustable rates • SOF and SOH monitoring • Pulsed charging • Advanced cooling • Dynamic Inductive Power Transfer Source: www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk
16. Energy Storage • Battery Storage have advanced more in the past 15 years than in the 200 years prior. • Advanced meaning; increased energy density, power density, increased life, increased safety, lower cost… Nanofiber-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries Human hair with electrospun nanofibers in the background
17. Batteries • Batteries rule the performance of the vehicle • They dictate how much power you get (kW) • They dictate how much energy you get (kWh) • A single cell dictates the battery voltage each cell makes by combining two dissimilar materials • Lead Acid (2.1 V) • Nickel Cadmium (1.2 V) • Nickel-Metal Hydride (1.2 V) • Lithium-Ion (3.7 V) Anode (+) Cathode Electrolyte Pb PbO2 KOH NiOOH Cd H2SO4 NiOOH AB5 * KOH LiC6 Li2FePO4F LiPF6 * AB5 is a combination of (A) rare earth mixture and (B) Zirconium or Nickel
18. Batteries: Packaging • Cylindrical • Prismatic • Button • Pouch Source: www.batteryuniversity.com
19. Batteries: Packaging • Cylindrical • Prismatic • Button • Pouch Source: www.batteryuniversity.com
20. Batteries: Packaging • Cylindrical • Prismatic • Button • Pouch Source: www.batteryuniversity.com
21. Batteries: Packaging • Cylindrical • Prismatic • Button • Pouch Source: www.batteryuniversity.com
22. Batteries • State of Charge (SOC) • Measured as a percentage of total battery energy (0-100%) • Typically should not go below 20% • Depth of Discharge (DoD) • Inverse of SOC • Power (kW) • Energy (kWh) The 18650 cell is proving to be common for hybrids. Similar to a AA cell, the dimensions are 18mm in diameter and 650mm in length.
23. Ragone Plot Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Energiespeicher3.svg Added Gasoline Engine Gasoline
24. Lithium is the material of choice…. • Common Chemistries Currently in Use for Vehicles: • Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA)* • Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)* • Lithium Manganese Spinel (LMO)* • Lithium Titanate (LTO)* • Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)* • Common Use in Consumer Goods (Computers) • Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)* * Acronyms used by Boston Consulting Group (BCG)
25. Battery Tradeoffs Source: The Boston Consulting Group, “Batteries for Electric Cars”
26. Cost Complexity…. Source: The Boston Consulting Group, “Batteries for Electric Cars”
27. Industry Projected Battery Costs 6/27/14 Nissan Announces: $6,500 for 24 kWh pack, $271/kWh
28. Power Electronics • Power electronics use power semiconductors and allowing for a host of new technologies • Solar Inverters, Electric Motor Drives, Compact Fluorescent Lights, LED lights, Electric Vehicle Drive • More power, higher frequency, higher temperature are desired as well as reduced on-state resistance, and breakdown voltage • Wide bandgap semiconductors such as SiC and GaN offer this, therefore the wide bandgap manufacturing institute PowerAmerica was created by President Obama, headquartered here at NC State Source: Toyota
29. Renewable sources: Solar PV • Photovoltaic should not be confused with solar thermal. • Last about 20 years • Single Junction Cells have a theoretical maximum efficiency of 34% • Monocrystalline (15%-20%) • Polycrystalline (13%-16%) • Thin films (7%-13%) • Multi-junction cells could theoretically reach 87% • Researchers have achieved 44.7% Source: www.engineering.com
30. Solar Prices
31. Developments that are significantly changing the way we do things • Model Based Design – completely design and “operate” the device digitally before making physical prototypes • Processing – The ability to perform more calculations simultaneously allows for advanced controls and simulations • Communication – Faster, higher bandwidth, and more reliable communications between devices and control devices • 3D Printing – The ability to quickly and cheaply produce complex 3d products in a larger variety of materials. • Nanotechnology – the ability to create nanoscale films and nanoscale devices is quickly changing the engineering landscape.
32. QUESTIONS…. Ewan Pritchard, PhD, PE Associate Director FREEDM Systems Center Advanced Transportation Energy Center (ATEC) North Carolina State University 1791 Varsity Drive, Suite 100 Raleigh, NC 27695-7237 919.515.2194 (office) 919.819.0098 (cell) egpritch@ncsu.edu www.atec.ncsu.edu