Recent developments in Oviedo V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, Aurora Costales, Paula Mori-S´ anchez, Miguel A. Blanco, Evelio Francisco, and A. Mart´ ın Pend´ as Departamento de Qu´ ımica F´ ısica y Anal´ ıtica, Universidad de Oviedo 3rd European Change Density meeting (ECDM-III) Sandbjerg State, Denmark, June 24–29, 2003 c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (1)
bonding • Algorithmic and code development: critic (solids), promolden (molecules), tessel (image creation), ... – Curvature of the interatomic surfaces. 1 • Electron density topology of particular systems: – Ionic-like compounds: halides, oxides. – Covalent and molecular crystal prototypes. The exotic case of BP. 4 – Alkaline metals. 3 • Topology vs. other properties: – Ionic-covalent-metallic classification. 2 – Universal sequence of bonding regimes. 5 • Partition of thermodynamical properties: – Extensive magnitudes: bulk modulus. 6 – Intensive magnitudes: pressure (a local theory of stress). – A partition of the energy in the light of McWeeny & Huzinaga’s TES. c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (3)
submitted) Local curvatures of the bond lines and interatomic surfaces (IAS) • IAS is defined non-locally: ∇ρ(r) · n(r) = 0. • The intersection of IAS generates angles. • Vertex are minima, edges the 1D attraction basin of ring points, and IAS the 2D attraction basin of bond points. • On any point of a flux line, ˙ r = ∇ρ, the Frenet frame is: t = r/| ˙ r|, κn = d2r ds2 = ¨ r| ˙ r|2 − ˙ r( ˙ r · ¨ r) | ˙ r|4 , b = t × n. n O s t b c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (4)
submitted) κg κ N κ T • We need another approach at critical points. By choosing the osculating plane as xy, the IAS is: z = f(x, y) = 1 2 ax2 + 1 2 by2 + cxy + O(|x|3), where a = ρ0 xxz 2ρ0 xx − ρ0 zz , b = ρ0 yyz 2ρ0 yy − ρ0 zz , c = ρ0 xyz ρ0 xx + ρ0 yy − ρ0 zz . • Main curvature directions are obtained by diago- nalizing H = a c c b κ1 , κ2 (eigenvalues), K = det H (Gaussian), H = tr (H) (mean). c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (5)
submitted) B H H j i k b t k j i Gaussian curvatures. HF/6-311G(p,d) calculations. B-H bond K (bohr−2) Terminal 0.0491 Bridge −0.0164 Conjecture: K = κ1 κ2 < 0 is a characteristic of electron deficient bonding. c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (7)
14721–14723 Classification of covalent, ionic and metallic solids (HF-LCAO crystal calc.) • Van Arkel-Ketelaar diagram is based on the electronegativity: |χA − χB | vs. χi . • A similar classification can be based on bond electron density properties. • The main classification is provided by two indices: flatness = f = ρmin ρmax b , charge transfer index = c = QΩ OSΩ . • In addition, molecular crystals are revealed by molecularity = µ = (ρmax b − ρmin b )/ρmax b if ∇2ρmax b × ∇2ρmin b < 0 0 otherwise, c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (8)
14721–14723 f c 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 C I M Al Ar,C BAs BP Be CS2 Cl2 ,N2 ,Ne Cu,α−Fe γ−Fe GaAs GaP GaN Ge K Li Mg MgCu2 MgO MgS N2 O4 Na ZnS 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 AlAs AlN AlP CaF2 CaO Li2 O Mg2 Si NaCl NaF SO2 Si Si3 N4 TiO2 ZnO ZrO2 • c separates ionic-covalent crystals. • f ≈0.3–1 are typical of metals and alloys. • µ 0 occur in N2 , N2 O4 , graphite, . . . c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (9)
Electron density topology in alkaline metals (procrystal model, HF-LCAO crystal, LDA and GGA fpLAPW wien calc.) • Electron density is very flat: f = 96% (Li), 95% (Na, K), 91% (Rb), and 88% (Cs). • Common tendency towards topological change. • The topology is labile, at difference from ionic and covalent crystals. • The many topologies can be classified: B2 : first and second metal neighbors bonded. B1 : only first metal neighbors bonded. ML : non-nuclear maxima (NNM) at the M-M midpoint. Mg : twin NNM on the M-M line. Mi : NNM on interstitial positions. • Topologies follow a common sequence on compression: B2 → B1 (→ M) → B2 · · · . • Li shows NNM on a wide range of geometries. • Upon small compression Na and K show NNM for a small range of geometries. • Rb and Cs lack NNM. • The promolecular model or HF calculations on M2 and M4 clusters explain the results. c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (10)
bonding regimes • Every couple of atoms follows a universal sequence of bonding regimes which is entirely controlled by the interatomic distance. R ↓: closed valence shell → shared val. shell → (NNM) → closed inner shell . . . • This sequence is caused by the intrinsic electronic shell structure of atoms, which is largely conserved in general compounds. • Diatomic molecules serve well to predict the behavior of a bonding pair of atoms in a larger molecular or cristalline environment. • The promolecular model and, to a lesser extent, its exponential tails simplification provide specific predictions for the bond CP electron density and Laplacian, that agree qualitatively and explain the trends actually observed on state-of-the-art quantum mechanical calculations. (Ex.) At the A-A midpoint: ρ = 2ρA (rA ), ρ⊥ = 2ρA (rA )/rA , ∇2ρ = 2ρA (rA ) + 4ρA (rA )/rA c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (19)
Partition of thermodynamical properties • The partition of atomic compressibility is simple: κ = 1 B = − 1 Ω ∂Ω ∂p , Ω = i Ωi , fi = Ωi /Ω, κi = 1 Bi = − 1 Ωi ∂Ωi ∂p =⇒ κ = i fi κi . • This provides a very practical analytical tool. We can see, for instance, that the compressibility of spinels is controlled by the oxide ion. AB2 O4 B (GPa) BA BB BO fO MgAl2 O4 215.2 282.1 331.9 201.6 0.8127 MgGa2 O4 211.2 261.2 283.9 196.1 0.7486 ZnAl2 O4 214.8 246.0 335.2 203.3 0.7690 ZnGa2 O4 213.3 241.2 308.6 195.7 0.7070 • BO ≈ B < BZn < BMg < BGa < BAl . • In the static approximation (T = 0 K, no ZPE) all thermodynamic observables can be partitioned into basin contributions. c V´ ıctor Lua˜ na, 2003 (22)