Modelling the (Inter)national Printmaking Networks of Early Modern Europe

Slides presented on July 1, 2015 at the Digital Humanities conference in Sydney.

Transcript

1. Modelling the (Inter)national
   Printmaking Networks of Early
   Modern Europe
   Matthew Lincoln
   University of Maryland
   @matthewdlincoln
   July 1, 2015
   Digital Humanities 2015
   

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2. Hendrick Goltzius after Bartholomeus
   Spranger, The Wedding of Cupid and
   Pysche, 1587. National Gallery of Art.
   Simon Frisius after Matthijs Bril, published by Hendrick Hondius,
   Topographia Variarum Regiorum, 1614. British Museum.
   

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3. “Sculptura in Æs”, from Johannes Stradanus’ Nova
   Reperta. Published by Philips Galle, c. 1588-1605.
   British Museum, London.
   

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4. Designer
   “Sculptura in Æs”, from Johannes Stradanus’ Nova
   Reperta. Published by Philips Galle, c. 1588-1605.
   British Museum, London.
   

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5. Engraver Designer
   “Sculptura in Æs”, from Johannes Stradanus’ Nova
   Reperta. Published by Philips Galle, c. 1588-1605.
   British Museum, London.
   

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6. Publisher
   Designer
   Engraver
   “Sculptura in Æs”, from Johannes Stradanus’ Nova
   Reperta. Published by Philips Galle, c. 1588-1605.
   British Museum, London.
   

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7. @matthewdlincoln
   

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8. @matthewdlincoln
   

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9. Peter Paul Rubens
   Schelte à Bolswert Gillis Hendricx
   designed
   @matthewdlincoln
   

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10. British Museum collections LOD: collection.britishmuseum.org
    Between 1500-1750:
    •  49,306 prints
    •  3,592 nodes: distinct designers, printmakers, and publishers
    •  76,697 edges: connections inferred from co-participation in an
    object
    Mining the museum for data
    @matthewdlincoln
    

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11. @matthewdlincoln
    Requisite Gephi mess:
    

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12. @matthewdlincoln
    1.  Create a set of subgraphs based on a rolling 10-year window:
    •  e.g. the 1640 subgraph contains only edges and nodes extant between
    1635 and 1645
    •  Edges (prints) exist between the start and end dates ascribed to an
    object
    o  Edges are unweighted to avoid biasing edge strength based on
    the number of impressions that survived into this one collection.
    •  Nodes (artists) exist during their life dates (complicated!)
    2.  For each subgraph, calculate network metrics at the global, regional/
    national, and individual scale
    Dynamic network analysis
    

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13. ε = ne − ni
    ne +ni
    Group-external/group-internal index
    Krackhardt, David, and Robert N. Stern. “Informal Networks and Organizational Crises: An
    Experimental Simulation.” Social Psychology Quarterly 51, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 123–40.
    doi:10.2307/2786835.
    ɛ > 0 Majority external connections
    ɛ = 0 Even split
    ɛ < 0 Majority internal connections
    @matthewdlincoln
    ne
    = links made by nodes of one group to
    nodes outside that group
    ni
    = links made by nodes of one group to
    nodes of the same group
    

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    Dutch French English
    Flemish Italian German
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    1500
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    1500
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    EII
    Number of prints ● ● ● ●
    100 200 300 400
    @matthewdlincoln
    

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    Dutch French English
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    −1.0
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    Dutch French English
    Flemish Italian German
    −1.0
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    EII
    Number of prints ● ● ● ●
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    @matthewdlincoln
    Majority Domestic Connections
    Majority Domestic Connections
    

    View Slide

17. @matthewdlincoln
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    Dutch French English
    Flemish Italian German
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    EII
    Number of prints ● ● ● ●
    100 200 300 400
    @matthewdlincoln
    

    View Slide

18. ●
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    Dutch French English
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    Dutch French English
    Flemish Italian German
    −1.0
    −0.5
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    EII
    Number of prints ● ● ● ●
    100 200 300 400
    @matthewdlincoln
    1566: Start of Dutch Revolt
    1579: Union of Utrecht
    1642-1651
    English Civil War
    1572: St. Bartholemew’s Day (?)
    1620s: Huguenot rebellions (?)
    

    View Slide

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    Dutch French English
    Flemish Italian German
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    EII
    Number of prints ● ● ● ●
    100 200 300 400
    @matthewdlincoln
    1648: Treaty of Münster
    Early 1500s –
    Antwerp replaces
    Bruges as major
    Flemish trade ctr.
    

    View Slide

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    Dutch French English
    Flemish Italian German
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    EII
    Number of prints ● ● ● ●
    100 200 300 400
    @matthewdlincoln
    

    View Slide

22. received
    sent
    0.00
    0.25
    0.50
    0.75
    1.00
    0.00
    0.25
    0.50
    0.75
    1.00
    1500 1600 1700
    Ratio of all connections sent/received
    Dutch
    French
    English
    Flemish
    Italian
    German
    German
    Italian
    Flemish
    Dutch
    English
    French
    @matthewdlincoln
    

    View Slide

23. @matthewdlincoln
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    Dutch French English
    Flemish Italian German
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    EII
    Number of prints ● ● ● ●
    100 200 300 400
    Tipping points?
    @matthewdlincoln
    

    View Slide

24. Wait, just one museum?
    @matthewdlincoln
    

    View Slide

25. Rijksmuseum
    •  49,306 prints
    •  3,592 nodes
    •  76,697 edges
    British Museum
    •  46,730 prints
    •  5,644 nodes
    •  94,282 edges
    @matthewdlincoln
    

    View Slide

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    Dutch French English
    Flemish Italian German
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    −1.0
    −0.5
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    1500
    1550
    1600
    1650
    1700
    1750
    EII
    Number of works ● ● ● ●
    100 200 300 400
    Museum dataset ● ●
    British Museum Rijksmuseum
    @matthewdlincoln
    

    View Slide

27. Future Directions
    •  More network metrics to explore, e.g. graph
    centrality, blockmodelling
    •  Simulation: ABM to evaluate historical hypotheses
    •  Augmented data models…
    @matthewdlincoln
    

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28. @matthewdlincoln
    Process Residuals
    Impressions
    Preparatory Materials
    Latest plate (possibly extant!)
    Earlier States
    Drawings
    Paintings
    Other prints
    Privileges
    Dedications
    Inscriptions
    Decorative frames
    Series
    Proofs  
    

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29. If only there was some way to
    link this data in an open way…
    @matthewdlincoln
    

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30. Slides, data, code:
    matthewlincoln.net/dh2015.html
    @matthewdlincoln
    

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