AAGW3 - Yoseph Alemayehu -Tracking wheat rust pathogens: A global surveillance system

Transcript

1. Yoseph Alemayehu CIMMYT-Ethiopia 3rd Africa Agriculture GIS week Tracking wheat rust pathogens: A global surveillance system
2. content Historical account The critical role of Africa The global Monitoring system Some outcomes of that global collaboration
3. • Early 20th Century: Stem rust major importance in 13/15 wheat zones (the most feared disease of wheat) • 1990’s: Stem rust major importance only in 1/15 wheat zones (East Africa) • Successful control of stem rust globally (resistance, Barberry eradication, … ) • Saved crop losses from stem rust control 1961-2009 estimated at US$50 billion (Pardey et al., Science in press) Stem Rust – Global Success Story
4. Africa: Critical for Global Rust Control  “East Africa:The kitchen where the pathogen is cooked” P. Njau, KARI  Key Driving Factors:  Continuous wheat : Green bridge  Genetic uniformity of commercial cultivars  High elevation/high UV radiation (increased mutations). Wide range of environments  Alternate hosts? E.g., Berberis holstii “rust is a shifty, changing, constantly evolving enemy. We can never lower our guard .” EC Stakman, 1937. BUT WE DID LOWER OUR GUARD! Rust research was forgotten in East Africa 1980’s - 2000
5. Global Rust Monitoring: The Catalyst – “Ug99” Isolate Ug99 (Uganda 1999) – race TTKSK Unique virulence (Sr31 +++). Large % of commercial cultivars susceptible Realization that we need a global system to detect and monitor new, virulent races of wheat rusts
6. Ug99: Initial Questions- 2005/06 How much of a threat? Susceptibility? Where next? How fast? Singh et al., 2006
7. Response to Ug99: Progress to date  One of the most successful global collaborations around a major crop threat  Global awareness on vulnerability of wheat crop (+ rusts in general)  Monitoring system in place: current status + monitoring pathogen populations  Information systems / tools in place  International networks emerging, increased national capacity for surveillance and monitoring  New sources of resistance identified (more Sr genes for breeders toolbox)  Resistant varieties in seed chain (E.g., Ethiopia (EIAR/CIMMYT/ICARDA) 8 new rust resistant varieties; Kenya (KARI/CIMMYT) 8 new rust resistant varieties during 2010-2012)
8. Why do we need more than national rust monitoring systems? Long distance dispersal – rusts respect no international borders  Wind dispersal over several 1000km well documented  Human-borne transmission is moving pathogens at ever increasing rates across continents “rust is a shifty, changing, constantly evolving enemy. We can never lower our guard .” EC Stakman, 1937.  Even more damaging races might (will?) appear in the future.
9. Wheat Rust: Global Monitoring System Wind models Full GIS Hot Spots Secondary Data Climate, winds etc HOST + Susceptibility Wheat Rust Toolbox Data Management System PATHOGEN + Pathotypes (Vir) Field survey + Samples Rust Tracker Web portal Country Reports Outcomes: •Targeted deployment / promotion of resistant cultivars •Targeted Control •Targeted / priority monitoring RustMapper
10. New technology options - survey Traditional New Options • GPS + Paper forms • Manual data entry • App for Smartphone / tablets (GPS, Camera, Electronic Form) • Automated data transfer
11. Data Management: Wheat Rust Toolbox Crop Problem Dbase (survey, pathotypes, [Trap nursery, Molecular] ) User Management Quality control/publish Data Export / Exchange On-line Data Entry External Applications e.g., RustMapper Outputs: • Survey Mapping • Pathotypes, +... NB: Generic - Applicable to all rusts & other diseases Smartphone / tablet survey tool
12. The Global Surveillance Network  Transition from data poor to data rich environment  2007 countries n = 2; 2012 countries n = 28 (12 in Africa)  Contributing surveys cover about 20% of global wheat area 2005 2012
13. THE SPREAD OF WHEAT STEM RUST UG99 LINEAGE
14. Wind Models: Concerns on Further Spread 1. South Asia: • Jan-Mar 2011: Consistent air- flows from Yemen + Eritrea • Stem rust (Ug99?) at source in Yemen, Feb 2011 • High severity of stem rust Eritrea, Oct. 2010 • Highly susceptible hosts in South Asia (PBW343: 6M ha; Inqualab-91: 4M ha) 2. Australia: • Oct-Nov 2010: Consistent air- flows from South Africa • Confirmed Ug99 (race PTKST: Sr31+Sr24 vir.) at source • Abnormal rainfall in Australia • Susceptible hosts in Australia Jan-Mar 2011 Oct-Nov 2010
15. Ug99 Race Group – Current Status  8 Races identified in Ug99 group  Present in 11 countries  Loss of additional Sr genes (Sr24 + Sr36)  2012 – new changes identified
16. Keeping track of “lots” of data Data management system – The Wheat Rust Toolbox – collaboration with GRRC, Aarhus University, Denmark Surveys: 30+ countries, 10,000+ records Pathotypes: 21 countries, 1075 isolates
17. Public Information Systems: WWW Rust Tracker.org Aim:  Single source of up-to-date information for all global wheat rust monitoring activities Content:  Country-specific info: 38 countries  Dynamic tools – Wheat Rust Toolbox driven www.rusttracker.cimmyt.org
18. Rust Tracker.org / Toolbox – Platform for all rusts All examples show Yellow Rust Increased focus on other rusts  (Platform for other diseases)
19. Acknowledgments  All contributing national partners  PBI, University of Sydney  ICARDA  CIMMYT  AAFC, Canada  CDL, Minnesota, USA  University of the Free State, South Africa  GRRC, Aarhus University, Denmark  BGRI / Cornell University Donors:  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation  DFID  USAID  IFAD